Comm 502

Communication Theory Lab

Lab1
Introduction to
Matlab
Eng. Sally Nafie
Desktop:

Workspace
Command
Window

Command
History
Getting Started:

clc Clears command

window
Getting Started:

clear Clears
workspace
Getting Started:
Variables:
Syntax Description
X=6 Integer

Y=[1 2 3 4] Vector

Z=[1 3 8 7;5 2 4 3 ] Matrix

L=3+4i Complex number

M=‘hello’ String

R=Inf ∞

S=pi π
Complex Numbers:

Syntax Description Output

L=3+4i Complex number L=3+4i

A=real(L) Real part of L A=3

B=imag(L) Imaginary part of L B=4

C=abs(L) Absolute value of L C=5

D=angle(L) Radian angle of L D=0.9273 rad

M=complex(A,B) Complex number L=3+4i

with real part =A
and imaginary
part =B
N=conj(M) Complex N=3-4i
Conjugate
Trignometric Functions:
Function Inverse Hyperbolic Inverse
Hyperbolic
Y=sin(X) Y=asin(X) Y=sinh(X) Y=asinh(X)

Y=cos(X) Y=acos(X) Y=cosh(X) Y=acosh(X)

Y=tan(X) Y=atan(X) Y=tanh(X) Y=atanh(X)

Y=sec(X) Y=asec(X) Y=sech(X) Y=asech(X)

Y=csc(X) Y=acsc(X) Y=csch(X) Y=acsch(X)

Y=cot(X) Y=acot(X) Y=coth(X) Y=acoth(X)

NB: X should be in radians

Exponential Functions:

Syntax Description
a^b
ab
exp(a) ea
log10(a) log10 a

log2(a) log2 a
log(a) ln a
sqrt(a)
Vectors:
Syntax Description Output
X=[1 3 5 7 9] X=[x1 x2 x3 x4 x5] X=[1 3 5 7 9]

X=1:2:9 X=start: step: end X=[1 3 5 7 9]

Y=X(2) Y=2nd element in X Y=3

X(3)=4 Set the 3rd element in X=[1 3 4 7 9]

X to 4
Y=X(2:1:3) Y=2nd to 3rd element Y=[3 4]
in X
Y=X(1:2:end) Y=1st to last element Y=[1 4 9]
in X with a step of 2
Y=X(5:-2:2) Y=5th to 2nd element Y=[9 4 ]
in X with a step of -2
Y=X([2 3 5]) Y=2nd 3rd and 5th Y=[3 4 9]
elements in X
Vectors:
Syntax Description Output
Y=X.’ Y=transpose of X Y=[1
3
4
7
9]
Y=X’ Y= Conjugate Y=[1
transpose of X 3
in case of complex 4
numbers 7
9]
Y=X.^2 Y=[x12 x22 x32 x42 x52] Y=[1 9 16 49 81]
Vectors:
Syntax Description Output
Y=length(X) Y=number of Y=5
elements in X
Y=sum(X) Y=sum of elements Y=24
of X
Y=mean(X) Y=sum(X)/length(X) Y=24/5
=4.8
Y=find(X==4) Y=location of Y=3
element 5 in X
Y=find(X>5) Y=location of Y=[4 5]
elements >5 in X
Y=find(X>5 & X<9) Y=location of Y=[4]
elements >5 and <9
in X
Y=find(X<3 |X>5) Y=location of Y=[1 4 5 ]
elements <3and >9
in X
Matrices:
Syntax Description Output
X=[2 6 7 3;4 1 9 5] X=[x11 x12 x13 x14 X=[2 6 7 3
x21 x22 x23 x24 ] 4 1 9 5]
X=zeros(2,3) 0s matrix with 2 X=[0 0 0
rows and 3 columns 0 0 0]
X=ones(1,5) 1s matrix with 1 row X=[1 1 1 1 1 ]
and 5 columns
X=eye(3) 3x3 Identity matrix X=[1 0 0
010
0 0 1]
X=randint(2,3) 2x3 random matrix X=[0 1 1
of 1s and 0s 1 0 1]
X=randsrc(2,3) 2x3 random matrix X=[1 -1 -1
of -1s and 1s 1 -1 -1]
X=rand(2,3) 2x3 random matrix X =[0.153 0.69 0.47
between 1 and 0 0.67 0.72 0.55]
Matrices:
Syntax Description Output
Y=X(2,4) Y=The element in Y=5
the 2nd row and the
4th column in X
Y=X(1,2:4) Y=The element in Y=[6 7 3]
the 1st row and the
2nd to 4th column in X
Y=X(1:end,3) Y=The element in Y=[7
the 1st to last row 9]
and the 3rd column
in X
Y=X(1:end,2:3) Y=The element in Y=[6 7
the 1st to last row 1 9]
and the 2nd to 3rd
column in X
X(2,4)=8 Set the element in X=[2 6 7 3
the 2nd row and the 4 1 9 8]
4th column in X to 8
Matrices:
Syntax Description Output
[r,c]=size(X) Returns r=2
r=number of rows c=4
c=number of
columns in X
Y=X.’ Y=transpose of X Y=[2 4
6 1
7 9
3 5]
Y=X’ Y=conjugate Y=[2 4
transpose of X in 6 1
case of complex 7 9
numbers 3 5]
Y=X.^2 Y=The square of Y=[4 36 49 9
each element in X 16 1 81 25]
Matrices:
Syntax Description Output
X=[2 5 8;6 4 2] Defining Matrix X X=[2 5 8
6 4 2]
Y=[1 4 7;5 3 6] Defining Matrix Y Y=[1 4 7
5 3 6]
Z=[X ;Y] Concatenating X and Z=[2 5 8
Y vertically in one 6 4 2
matrix Z 1 4 7
5 3 6]
Z=[X Y] Concatenating X and Z=[2 5 8 1 4 7
Y horizontally in one 6 4 2 5 3 6]
matrix Z
Z=X.*Y Multiplying each Z=[2 20 56
element in X by its 30 12 12]
corresponding one
in Y
Matrices:
Syntax Description Output
X=[2 5 8;6 4 2] Defining Matrix X X=[2 5 8
6 4 2]
Y=[1 4 ;7 5; 3 6] Defining Matrix Y Y=[1 4
7 5
3 6]
Z=X*Y Multiplying matrix X Z=[61 81
by matrix Y 40 56]
Z=Y*X Multiplying matrix Y Z=[26 21 16
by matrix X 44 55 66
42 39 36]
[M P]=max(X) Returns M=[ 6 5 8]
M=the maximum of P=[2 1 1]
every column in X
P=the position of the
max in every column
Matrices:
Syntax Description Output
[M P]=min(X) Returns M=[2 4 2]
M=the minimum of P=[1 2 2]
every column in X
P=the position of the
min in every column
 Matrices:
Syntax Description Output
X=[2 5 8;6 4 2] Defining Matrix X X=[2 5 8
6 4 2]
Y=fliplr(X) Y=Flipped columns of X Y=[8 5 2
(left-right direction) 2 4 6]
Y=flipud(X) Y=Flipped rows of X (up- Y=[6 4 2
down direction) 2 5 8]
Y=repmat(X,2,3) Y= repeated version of X Y=[2 5 8 2 5 8 2 5 8
with the rows repeated 2 642 642 642
times and the columns 258 258 258
repeated 3 times 6 4 2 6 4 2 6 4 2]

Y=reshape(X,3,2) Y= reshaped version of X Y=[2 4

with 3 rows and 2 6 8
columns 5 2]
Logical Operators:

Syntax Description Output

X=0 Defining Variable X X=0

Y=1 Defining Variable Y Y=1

Z=X & Y Z = X AND Y Z=0

Z=X | Y Z = X OR Y Z=1

Z=xor(X ,Y) Z = X XOR Y Z=1

Z=~X Z=NOT X Z=1

Conditionals:

If Statements:

Syntax Example Output

if expression1 X=1 Z=-1
statements1 Y=0
if (X==1)& (Y==1)
elseif expression2 Z=1
statements2
elseif (X==0) & (Y==1)
else Z=0
statements3
end else
Z=-1
end
 Conditionals:

Switch:
Syntax Example
Output
switch switch_expr X=[1 8 7 -4 6] Y=12
case case_expr
statement,...,statement switch X(3)
case case {5}
{case_expr1,case_expr2,case_expr3,...} Y=11
statement,...,statement case {3,7}
... Y=12
otherwise otherwise
statement,...,statement Y=13
end end
 Loops:
Syntax Example Output
for index = start:increment:end X=ones(1,6) X=[1 2 4 8 16 32]
statements for n = 2:1:6
end X(n) = 2 * X(n - 1)
end
while expression X=10 Y =8
statements Y=0 X=2
end while X>=3
Y=Y+1
X=X-1
end
 Plotting
Syntax Description
X=[x1 x2 x3 x4 x5…………xn] Define both vectors
Y=[y1 y2 y3 y4 y5…………yn] then plot
plot(X,Y)
X=-pi:0.01*pi:pi; Define one vector and
Y=sin(X); define the other as a
plot(X,Y) function of it

xlabel(‘x’) label the x axis

ylabel(‘sin(x)’) label the y axis

title(‘Sine Wave’) Give a title

hold on /hold off Plot more than one

graph in the same
figure
figure Create a new figure

legend(‘str1’,’str2’,…..) Display a legend

Help:
Help:

Type the
functionality
you are
searching for
 Notes:
• Matlab is case sensetive which means that X is not
equivalent to x.

• Typing a ; at the end of every command means not to

display the values in the command window after executing
the command.

• Typing a % before a command means it is a comment and

the program will not execute it.