Scribd
Upload
149 views

Vector 3

The gradient of a scalar function φ is defined as the vector grad φ, which represents the directional derivative of φ in the direction of the unit vectors i, j, k. The divergence and curl operators, denoted by div and curl, act on vector functions to produce scalar and vector values, respectively. Divergence gives the rate of change of a vector field, while curl represents the curl or rotation of the vector field. These operators are useful for analyzing physical quantities like velocity and magnetic fields.

Uploaded by

Timothy Promise
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
149 views

Vector 3

The gradient of a scalar function φ is defined as the vector grad φ, which represents the directional derivative of φ in the direction of the unit vectors i, j, k. The divergence and curl operators, denoted by div and curl, act on vector functions to produce scalar and vector values, respectively. Divergence gives the rate of change of a vector field, while curl represents the curl or rotation of the vector field. These operators are useful for analyzing physical quantities like velocity and magnetic fields.

Uploaded by

Timothy Promise
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

VECTOR

Grad (gradient of a scalar function)


•If  a scalar function ɸ (x, y, z) is continuously differentiable with respect
to its variables x, y, z, throughout the region, then the gradient of ɸ,
written grad ɸ or , is defined as the vector
grad ɸ = i + + k
Note that while ɸ is a scalar function, grad ɸ is a vector function.

Example 1: ɸ = 2x2yz3. Find grad ɸ

grad ɸ = 2x2yz3)i + + k
= 4xyz3i + 2x2z3 + 6x2yz2k
•Example
  2: If ɸ = x2yz3 + xy2z2,determine grad ɸ at the point P(1, 3, 2).
ɸ = x2yz3 + xy2z2 grad ɸ = i + + k
= 2xyz3 + y2z2 = 2(1)(3)(2)3 + (3)2(2)2 = 84
= x2z3 + 2xyz2 = (1)2(2)3 + 2(1)(3)(2)2 = 32
= 3x2yz2 + 2xy2z = 3(1)2(3)(2)2 + 2(1)(3)2(2) = 72
grad ɸ = (2xyz3 + y2z2)i + (x2z3 + 2xyz2)j + (x2z3 + 2xyz2)k
grad ɸ = 84i + 32j + 72k
DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES
= a . grad  
is thus the projection of grad on the unit vector a and is called
the directional derivative of in the direction of a. it gives the rate
of change of with distance measured in the direction of a
•Example:
  Find the directional derivative of the function = x2z + 2xy2 + yz2 at
the point (1, 2, -1) in the direction of the vector A = 2i + 3j – 4k

= x2z + 2xy2 + yz2)i + + k


= (2xz + 2y2)i + (4xy + + k
at (1, 2, -1)
= [2(1)(-1) + 2(2)2]i + [4(1)(2) + + k
= 6i + 9j - 3k
•  = A
A
|A|
|A| = = =
A = 2i + 3j – 4k

= 2i + 3j – 4k . 6i + 9j - 3k = 1 (2i + 3j – 4k) . (6i + 9j - 3k)

= 12 + 27 +12 = 51 = 9.47
UNIT NORMAL VECTOR
•The
  unit vecor N in the direction of grad is called the unit normal vector
at P.

Unit normal vector N =


||
•Example:
  Find the unit normal vector to the surface x3y + 4xz2 + xy2z + 2 = 0 at the
point (1, 3, -1).

= x3y + 4xz2 + xy2z + 2 )i + + k


= (3x2y + 4z2 + y2z)i + +k
At (1, 3, -1)
= [3(1)2(3) + 4(-1)2 + (3)2(-1)]i + +k
= 4i -5j + k

|| = = =

N= = 4i -5j + k
||
DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR
FUNCTION
•The
  operator . (notice the dot) can be applied to a vector function A(x,
y, z) to give the divergence of A written in short as div A.
If A = axi + ayj + azk
div A = .A = i + + k . (axi + ayj + azk )
div A = .A = + +
Note that
i. The grad operator acts on a scalar and gives a vector
ii. The div operator . acts on a vector and gives a scalar
•Example
  1: If A = x2yi – xyzj + yz2k. Find .A
.A = x2y) - +
.A = 2xy - xz + 2yz

Example 2: If A = 2x2yi – 2(xy2 + y3z)j + 3y2z2k. Find .A, i.e div A


.A = 2x2y) - 2 +
.A = 4xy – 2(2xy + 3yz) + 6yz
.A = 4xy – 4xy - 6yz + 6yz = 0
Curl of a vector function
•The
  curl operator denoted by x, acts on a vector and gives another
vector as a result
If A = axi + ayj + azk , then curl A = x A
i.e. curl A = x A = i + + k x (axi + ayj + azk )

= i j k

ax ay az
•x A = i( - )- ( - ) + k(- )
If x A = 0, then A is said to be irrotational

Example: If A = (y4 – x2z2)i + (x2 + y2)j – x2yzk, determine curl A at the point (1, 3, -2)
Curl A = x A = i j k

y4 – x2z2 x2 + y2 – x2yz
x A = i[(– x2yz) - (x2 + y2)]- [(– x2yz) - (y4 – x2z2)] + k[(x2 + y2) - (y4 – x2z2)]
x A = i[– x2z] – j[-2xyz + 2x2z)] + k[2x - 4y3]
At (1, 3, -2)
x A = i[-(1)2(-2)] – j[-2(1)(3)(-2) + 2(1)2(-2)] + k[2(1) – 4(3)3]
x A = 2i -8j – 106k
•Example
  2: If = x2y2 + x3yz – yz2 and F = xy2i – 2yzj + xyzk, determine for the point
P(1, -1, 2)
(a) (b) unit normal (c) .F (d) x F

(a) = x2y2 + x3yz – yz2)i + + k

= (2xy2 + 3x2yz)i + ()j + )k


At (1, -1, 2)
=[2(1)(-1)2 + 3(1)2(-1)(2)]i + []j + [(1)]k

= -4i – 4j + 3k
•(b)  Unit normal N =
||
|| = = =
Unit normal N = -4i – 4j + 3k

(c) .F = xy2) - +
= y2 - +
= (-1)2 – 2(2) + (1)(-1)
= -4
•(d)  x F = i j k

xy2 –2yz xyz

x F = i[(xyz) - (-2yz)] – j[(xyz) - (xy2)] + k[(-2yz) - (xy2)]

x F = i(xz + 2y) – j(yz) + k(-2xy)


x F = i[(1)(2) + 2(-1)] – j(-1)(2) + k(-2)(1)(-1)
x F = 2j + 2k

You might also like