IC ENGINES

AND
RECIPROCATING MACHINES
Course Code: MEng 4202

Instructor : Dr. SHIVA PRASAD K.V.

Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Automotive Engineering,
College of Engineering & Technology
Dilla University
 Contents
• Introduction
• Internal combustion engine
• External combustion engine
• Classification of internal combustion engines
• Parts of internal combustion engine
• Working of four stroke petrol engine
• Working of four stroke diesel engine
• Two stroke petrol engine.
• Two stroke diesel engine
 INTRODUCTION

Any machine, which converts heat energy in to useful mechanical energy, is

known as an engine.

The machines may be a gas turbine, steam turbine, I c engine

All the engines comes under two classifications, they are

i) Internal combustion engine

ii) External combustion engine
 INTRODUCTION

Internal combustion engine:

If the combustion of fuel takes in a cylinder and the heat is converted
in to mechanical energy, is known as internal combustion engine,
Ex Engines of moped, scooter, bikes, cars, bus, trucks etc;

External combustion engine:

If the combustion of fuel takes place in a combustion chamber and the
heat energy is taken to a machine through pipe line there the heat
energy is converted in to mechanical energy is known as external
combustion engines.
Ex, gas turbine and steam engine
Classification of Engine
 CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Internal combustion engines are classified according to

1) According to thermodynamic cycle

i) Otto cycle ii) Diesel cycle iii) Dual combustion cycle

2) According to number of strokes

i) Two stroke ii) Four stroke

3) According to number of cylinders

i) Single cylinder engine
ii) Multi cylinder engine

4) According to method of ignition

i) Spark ignition (petrol)
ii) Compression ignition (diesel)
CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

5) According to type of fuel used

i) Petrol ii) Diesel iii) Gas iv) Bio fuel

6) According to position of cylinder

i) Horizontal engine
ii) Vertical engine (car, bus, truck engines)
iii) Vee engine
v) Opposed cylinder engine

7) According to method of cooling

i) Air cooling ii) Water cooling iii) Liquid cooling

8) According to speed of engine

i) Slow speed engine ii) Medium speed engine iii) High speed engine
Classification of IC Engine
 Brief historical development of IC engines
• Huygens Gunpowder Engine ( 1680 - Dutch Physist)
• The Lenoir Engine (1860 - Frenchman)
• The Free Piston Otto Langen Engine (1866 - German)
• The four stroke cycle :
Beau De Rochas (1862 - Frenchman , Drafted Principles)
Nikoloaus August Otto( 1876 –German- Build &Patented )
• Brayton Engine ( 1873 – American)
• The Atkinson Engine (1885 – British)
• Rudolf Diesel Engine (1892- German)
• Robert Stirling Engine (1816 – Scottish, EC engine, air –working
fluid)
• Felix Wankel Engine (1957- German, 3 Lobe rotory engine))
• Two Stroke Engine
• Dugald Clerks Engine (1881 – Scottish)
Huygens Gunpowder Engine
Brayton Engine
Stirling Engine
PARTS OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
Parts of IC Engine
• Cylinder

• The cylinder is designed to with stand high

gas pressure. The temperature in the
combustion chamber (cylinder block) will
reach up to 28000 C.

• The cylinder has to be cooled properly either

by air cooling or water cooling.

• In case of air cooled engines fins are

provided around the cylinder block (Scooter
and bikes)

• In water cooled engines water jackets are

provided for the circulation of water to carry
away the heat around the cylinder block.
Cylinder Head

• The head is fitted on the top of the cylinder

block.

• The head is built with two ports, one port,

which allows the charge in to the cylinder
block, is known as inlet port and the second
port that allows the exhaust gases to leave
the cylinder block is known as exhaust port.

• In case of petrol engine spark plug is fitted in

the head, in diesel engines fuel injector is
fitted to inject the diesel into the cylinder
block.
Valves

Minimum Two Valves pre Cylinder

•Exhaust Valve lets the exhaust gases escape the combustion
Chamber. (Diameter is smaller then Intake valve)

•Intake Valve lets the air or air fuel mixture to enter the
combustion chamber. (Diameter is larger than the exhaust valve)
Valve Springs:
Keeps the valves Closed.

Valve Lifters:
Rides the cam lobe and helps in opening the
valves.
Spark Plug
It provides the means of ignition when
the gasoline engine’s piston is at the end
of compression stroke, close to
Top Dead Center(TDC)

The difference between a

"hot" and a "cold" spark
plug is that the ceramic tip
is longer on the
hotter plug.
Cam Shaft
The shaft that has intake and
Exhaust cams for operating the valves.

Cam Lobe:
Changes rotary motion
into reciprocating motion.

Camshaft location is one way to classify

engines.
Overhead cam, SOHC, DOHC
 Piston:
• The piston is a cylindrical plug, which
converts heat energy into mechanical
energy.

• Functions of piston are

• i) The piston will act as a seal

• ii) To provide the passage for heat

flow from piston to cylinder block
through rings.

• iii) It transmits the force of explosion

to the crankshaft through connecting
rod
 Piston Rings
• To maintain sufficient lubricating oil on
cylinder walls.
• It is used to maintain a pressure tight seal
between the moving piston and the cylinder
wall.
• It conducts heat away from the piston head
and prevent oil from entering the
combustion chamber.
Four stroke: Three rings

Top two are compression rings (sealing

the compression pressure in the cylinder)
and the third is an oil ring (scrapes
excessive oil from the cylinder walls)

Two Stroke: Two Rings

Both the rings are Compression rings.

 Connecting rod:

• The small end of the connecting rod is

connected to the piston and the big end of
the connecting rod is connecting to the
crankshaft.

• The connecting rod converts the

reciprocating motion of piston in to rotary
motion of crankshaft.

• The connecting rod is made of I-beam cross

section to provide maximum rigidity with
minimum weight.
Crankshaft
• Converts up and down motion into
circular motion.

• Transmits the power to transmission.

• The big end of the connecting rod is

connected to the crankshaft.

• The crankshaft is rigidly fixed in the

crankcase.

• The other end of the crankshaft is

connected to a clutch.
 Crankcase:
Crankcase is fitted at the bottom of the cylinder
block.

• Two-stroke engine crankcase is properly sealed

and made airtight.

• Four stroke engine crankcase will serve as a

reservoir, filled with sufficient quantity of
lubricating oil.

• This oil lubricates the main bearings of

crankshaft, big end bearings of connecting rod,
lubricates the cylinder liner, piston and piston
rings.
Flywheel
•Attached to the crankshaft

•Reduces vibration

•Cools the engine (air cooled)

•Used during initial start-up

•Transfers power from engine to Drivetrain

•Helps glide through strokes

Materials used for different parts of engine
 IC Engine Terminology:

• Bore: The inside diameter of the engine

cylinder is termed as Bore.

• Stroke: It is the linear distance, measured

parallel to the axis of the cylinder, between
extreme upper and lower positions of the
piston.

• Top Dead Centre (TDC):

• TDC in vertical engine is the extreme position of
the piston on the top of the cylinder (head side).

• The cylinder volume is at a minimum.

• In case of horizontal engine this position is

known as inner dead center (IDC).
 IC Engine Terminology:

• Bottom Dead Centre (BDC):

• BDC in vertical engine is the extreme position
of the piston on the bottom of the cylinder.
• The cylinder volume will be maximum.
• In case of horizontal engine, this position is
known as outer dead center (ODC).

• Compression ratio:
• It is the ratio of the volume when the piston is
at BDC to the volume when the piston at TDC.
• Compression ratio = Maximum cylinder
volume / minimum cylinder volume. R = V/Vc
Cylinder volume.
IC Engine Terminology:

• Piston Area (A) It is the cross sectional

area of the cylinder.
• Displacement Volume/Swept volume
(Vs): Volume covered by the piston
between TDC & BDC. It is also called as
stroke volume. Vs = A  L
• Clearance volume (Vc): Volume on the
combustion side of the piston at TDC
• Cylinder volume (V): V = Vs+Vc
4 Stroke Petrol Engine
4 Strokes are Works on the principle of Otto cycle
• Suction stroke

• Compression stroke

• Power stroke

• Exhaust stroke
 Suction stroke
• The inlet valve (I) opens and air fuel mixture (charge) is sucked into the
cylinder.
• The piston moves downwards from top dead center (TDC) till it reaches
bottom dead center (BDC).
• During suction stroke exhaust valve (E) is closed.
• Due to the suction created by the downward motion of the piston, inside
of the cylinder pressure becomes slightly less than atmosphere. Due to
the pressure deferential, fresh charge will enter into the cylinder.
Compression stroke
• During compression stroke both inlet and exhaust valves are closed.
• In this stroke the piston travels from BDC to TDC.
• When the piston starts moving from BDC to TDC the mixture is
compressed, and the pressure increases in the cylinder.
• The line BC represents the compression stroke.
Compression stroke

• Before the end of the compression stroke, the spark occurs, this spark
ignites the petrol and air mix.
• The combustion of mixture releases hot gases, which will increase pressure
at constant volume.
• The line CD represents increase in the pressure at constant volume.
Power stroke:

• During power stroke (expansion stroke) both inlet valve and exhaust valve
are in closed position.
• The high-pressure gases produced due to combustion, will exert pressure
on the top face of the piston, the piston moves rapidly in the down ward
direction performs power stroke.
Exhaust stroke:

• At the beginning of exhaust stroke, the exhaust valve opens, and the
upward movement of the piston pushes the exhaust gases out the cylinder.
• At the end of the exhaust stroke the exhaust valve closes.
Starting
position Compression
Suction
stroke stroke

Power
Ignition Expansion
stroke
stroke
Working of 4 Stroke petrol engine
The parts of four-stroke diesel engine
• Cylinder,
• Piston, Works on the principle of diesel cycle
• Head,
• Crankcase,
• Connecting rod,
• Crankshaft,
• Fuel injector,
• Inlet and exhaust
valve.
Four strokes are

• The piston performs four strokes to complete one cycle. The four different
strokes are
• i) Suction stroke
• ii) Compression stroke
• iii) Power or Expansion stroke
• `iv) Exhaust stroke.
4 Stroke Valve timing diagram
 2 Stroke petrol engine

• Structure
• Cylinder
• Transfer port
• Inlet port
• Exhaust port
• Spark plug
• Connecting rod
• Crank
• Crank shaft
• Crank case
2 Stroke petrol engine

• One cycle is completed in 2 strokes of the piston (in one revolution of the
crankshaft).
• It has only ports at the cylinder walls and has no valves.

• {Suction + compression }---- 1st stroke

• {power + exhaust } ----- 2nd stroke
 2 Stroke petrol engine

Deflector:
• To prevent the loss of incoming charge
and helps, for exhausting hot gases
Ports.
1. Inlet Port: Through this inlet port only,
Fresh charge from the carburetor is
taken into the cylinder.
2. Transfer port: Through this Transfer
port only, fresh charge from the bottom
of the piston is supplied to the cylinder.
3. Exhaust port: The Hot exhaust gases
are pushed out from the combustion
chamber. The cycle beginning at the
point when the piston reaches TDC at
the end of the compression stroke.
2 Stroke petrol engine

• Intake.  The fuel/air mixture is first drawn

into the crankcase by the vacuum created
during the upward stroke of the piston. 
• Compression. The piston then rises,
driven by flywheel momentum, and
compresses the fuel mixture.  (At the
same time, another intake stroke is
happening beneath the piston).  
• Power. At the top of the
stroke the spark plug ignites
the fuel mixture. The burning
fuel expands, driving the
piston downward, to complete
the cycle.
• Transfer/Exhaust. Toward the end of
the stroke, the piston exposes the
intake port, allowing the compressed
fuel/air mixture in the crankcase to
escape around the piston into the main
cylinder. 

• This expels the exhaust gasses out the

exhaust port, usually located on the
opposite side of the cylinder.  

• Unfortunately, some of the fresh fuel

mixture is usually expelled as well.
2 STROKE PETROL ENGINE
2 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
 Comparison of 4 stroke & 2 stroke engine

4 Stroke Engine 2 Stroke Engine

The cycle completes in 4 strokes of the The cycle completes in 2 strokes
piston (or) in 2 revolution of the of the piston (or) in 1
crankshaft revolution of the crankshaft

Develops one power stroke in every 2 Develops one power stroke in

revolution of the crankshaft one revolution of the
crankshaft

Due to more no. of strokes turning Due to lesser no.of strokes,

moment is less uniform and heavier turning moment is more
flywheel is needed uniform and lighter flywheel
is needed
 Comparison of 4 stroke & 2 stroke engine

4 Stroke Engine 2 Stroke Engine

Power produced for same size of Power produced for the same size
the engine is small due to one of the engine is more due to one
power stroke in 2 revolutions. power stroke in 1 revolution.

Engine is heavy & bulky Engine is light & compact

Lesser cooling & lubrication Greater cooling and lubrication

requirement as one power requirement as one power stroke
stroke is produced in 2 is produced in 1 revolution of
revolution of the crankshaft the crankshaft

Engine contains complicated Engine contains simple ports

valves and valve mechanism
 Comparison between Petrol & Diesel Engine

Details Petrol Engine Diesel Engine

Fuel Ignition By spark plug (SI By hot compressed air (CI

Engine) engine)

Charge during Air & fuel mixture are Air alone is admitted and
suction admitted fuel is injected
stroke
Compression Low (6 to 8) High (16 to 20)
ratio
Fuel admission Through carburetor Through fuel injector

Cycle of Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle

operations

Weight Light Heavy

 Indicated power (IP)
It is the power produced inside the cylinder and calculated by finding the
actual mean effective pressure.

Mean effective pressure is found as

Pm= (s*a)/ l

Where s -- spring value of the spring used in the indicator

l – base width of the indicator diagram
a – area of the actual indicator diagram
Indicated power of a 4 stroke engine

• Pm= mean effective pressure

• L = length of stroke
• A = area of cross section of the cylinder
• N = rpm of the crank shaft
• n = number of cycles per min

Work produced by Mean force acting Piston displacement

piston per stroke / = on piston X in one stroke
Per cycle
= pm A X L

= pm A L
 Work produced by pm A L
=
piston per stroke / Per cycle

Work produced by Work produced by X Number of cycles

piston per min = piston per stroke / Per cycle

= pm A L x n = pm A L n

In 4 stroke I c engine one cycle will be completed in two revolutions of the crank Shaft.

Therefore the number of cycles per min will be equal to half the number of revolutions per min

I.e.., n = N/2 Work produced by

piston per min = pm A L N/2 Nm/min
 Work produced by
Indicated power =
piston per sec = (pm A L N)/(2*60) Nm/sec

Indicated power = (pm A L N)/(2*60) joules/ sec or Watt

Indicated power of 2 stroke engine

In 2 stroke engine one cycle will be covered in every revolution of the crank shaft

Therefore number of cycles per minute will be equal to number of revolutions per min

Indicated power = (pm A L n)/(60) joules/ sec or Watt

Brake power

• Certain fraction of indicated power produced inside the cylinder will

be lost due to friction of the moving parts.
• Power at crank shaft is measured by applying brake and therefore
called brake power

Net power available = indicated power – power lost due to friction

at crank shaft
Brake power

• Let
• W = net load acting on the brake drum (in kg)
• R = radius of the brake drum (in mt)
• N = rpm of crank shaft
• T = torque applied due to net load W on brake drum
= W * R (in kg-m)
= W * g * R ( in N-m)

Brake power = ( 2 π N T) / 60 ( in Watt)

Mechanical efficiency

• it is the efficiency of the moving parts of the mechanism transmitting

the indicated power to the crank shaft.
• It is defined as the ratio of the brake power and the indicated power.

• ηm = Brake power * 100

Indicated power

• ηm = (Indicated power – Friction power) * 100

Indicated power
 Thermal efficiency

• It is the efficiency of conversion of the heat energy produced by the

combustion of the fuel into the power output of the engine.

• ηth = power output * 100

heat energy supplied by the fuel
The power output to be used in the above equation may be brake power or
indicated power

Brake thermal efficiency ηB th = Brake power * 100

heat energy supplied by the fuel

= ___BP * 100
CV * m

Indicated thermal efficiency η I th = Indicated power * 100 hea

energy supplied by the fuel

= ___IP * 100
CV * m
• Where CV = calorific value of the fuel
m = mass of the fuel supplied.
• Specific fuel consumption (SFC):

• Is defined as the amount of fuel consumed by an engine to produce unit

power

• It is expressed in kg/MJ or kg/kW-hr.

• A single cylinder two stroke cycle IC engine has a piston
diameter 110 mm and stroke length 150 mm. The mean
effective pressure is 6 bar. If the crank shaft speed is 1500
rpm, calculate the indicated power of the engine.
Problem 1

Data given: D = 95 mm
L =100 mm Pm= 6 bar N=2000 rpm n = N (since 2 stroke)

Solution: IP = Pm LAN / 60

IP = 6 x105 x 0.1 x 3.14 x 0.0952 x 2000 / 60 x 4

IP = 14.16 KW
Problem 2

The following readings were taken on a 4 stroke IC

engine
Diameter of brake drum = 1m
Diameter of the rope = 10mm
Load suspended on the brake drum = 120 kg
Spring balance reading = 12kg
Crank shaft speed = 1000 rpm

Determine the brake power of the engine

Problem 2

• Solution: effective radius = R = radius of brake drum + radius of the

rope
• Net load on the brake drum = W =
• Torque applied = T = W x R
• Brake power = 2πNT/60
Problem 3

• A 4 cylinder 4 stroke engine running at 1500 rpm develops and

indicator power of 20 kw. The mean effective pressure is 5 bar . Find
the diameter of the cylinder and the stroke of the piston when the
ratio of diameter to stroke is 0.8.
• Solution

• IP developed per cylinder

• IP = Pm LAN / 60
• D=?
• L=?
Problem 4

• The following observations were obtained

during a trial on a 4 stroke diesel engine.

• Find
Cylinder dia = 30 cm
1. Brake power
• Stroke of the piston = 50 cm 2. Indicated power
• Crank shaft speed = 300 rpm 3. Friction power
• Brake load = 70 kg 4. Mechanical efficiency
5. Brake thermal efficiency
• Brake drum dia = 1.5 m 6. Indicated thermal efficiency
• Mean effective pressure = 5.5 bar
• Diesel oil consumption = 0.1 m3/ min
• Specific gravity of the diesel = 0.78
• C.v. of diesel = 43900 kj/kg
• Solution:

• 1. Brake power
• Torque = w * R =
• BP = 2πNT / 60 =
• 2. Indicated power = IP = PmALN / 60
• 3. Friction power = IP – BP
• 4. ηm= BP/IP
• 5. ηB-th =BP/ cv x m
• 6. ηI –th = IP / cv x m