CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF NETWORK PARAMETERS
&
TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY
1
Review of Network Parameters
At low frequencies, the z, y, h, or ABCD parameters
are examples of network functions used in the
description of two-port networks.
These parameters cannot be measured accurately at
higher frequencies because the required short- and
open-circuit tests are difficult to achieve over a
broadband range of microwave frequencies.
2
The Impedance, Admittance, Hybrid, And
ABCD Matrices.
Z- Parameters:
(series connection
E.g. Common-lead
inductance of transistor
Up to 1MHz)
or in matrix form:
y - Parameters:
(parallel connection
Up to 500MHz)
3
h - Parameters:
(hybrid connection)
ABCD - Parameters:
(Cascaded connection
> 500MHz)
4
z, y, h and ABCD, two-port Networks are
very useful at low frequencies because the
parameters are readily measured using short-
and open-circuit tests at the terminals of the
two-port network.
For example:
Z, Y and ABCD parameters are useful for computer
analysis of circuits.
5
At microwave frequencies the z, y, h, or
ABCD parameters are very difficult (if not
impossible) to measure.
The reason is that short and open circuits to ac
signals are difficult to implement over a
broadband, at microwave frequencies.
6
But in practical many microwave networks consists of a
cascaded connections of two or more two port networks.
In this case it is convenient to define a 2 × 2 transmission
or ABCD matrices for each two port network.
The ABCD matrix is defined for a two- port network in
terms of the total voltages and currents as shown in figure
below.
7
b) A Cascade connection of two-port network
8
9
10
Which shows the ABCD matrix of cascade connection of
the two port network is equal to the product of ABCD
matrix representing the individual ports. Evaluation of
ABCD parameters.
Evaluation of ABCD parameters: find the ABCD
parameters of two-port network consisting of a series
impedance Z-between port1 and port 2 circuit.
11
12
Network Scattering parameters
Microwave system: consists of several microwave
components including the source and load being connected
to each other by waveguide or coaxial or transmission line
system.
At a certain point in a waveguide system it becomes
necessary all or parts of the microwave energy into
perpendicular direction. 13
In general, a microwave junction is an interconnection
of two or more microwave components as shown in
figure below.
Figure: Incident and reflected waves in a two-port network.
14
Why analysis of microwave components by
scattering parameters
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
An active two-port (e.g., a microwave transistor)
might oscillate under short or open-circuit conditions:
Therefore S parameter representation is needed, so
these parameters are defined in terms of traveling
waves and completely characterize the behavior of
two-port networks at microwave frequencies.
22
Similarly, S12 a2 represents the contribution to the
reflected wave b1 due to the incident wave a2 at port
2, and so on.
The parameters S11, S12 , S21, and S22 ,which
represent reflection and transmission coefficients, are
called the scattering parameters of the two-port
network.
The matrix form:
23
(input reflection coefficient with
output properly terminated)
(forward transmission coefficient
with output properly terminated)
(output reflection coefficient with
input properly terminated)
(reverse transmission coefficient
with input properly terminated)
24
The chain scattering parameters, also called the
scattering transfer parameters or T parameters, are
used when cascading networks.
Where: The input waves a1 and b1 are the dependent variables
and the output waves a2 and b2 are the independent variables.
The relationship between the S and T parameters can be
developed:
25
and,
26
Review of Transmission line that operate at
microwave frequency
In communication systems, TL refers to the link
between transmitter and receiver antennas.
Transmission lines can have a size that is a very
small fraction of the wavelength (Interconnects
in ICs), or many wavelengths of the signal that
they are transmitting.
27
There are four types of transmission lines
1.The two-wire parallel transmission line
2.Co-axial lines
3.Stripe type substrate transmission lines
4.Waveguide
1. Two-wire parallel transmission lines: this is the most
common transmission lines with a pair of uniform size
wires are used for power transmission, electrical
telephone lines and television signals are used below
500MHz due to radiation losses.
28
2. Co-axial lines: the co-axial transmission line
is the most widely used transmission line for
high frequency applications.
29
3. Strip lines : are essentially modifications of the
two-wires and co-axial lines they are basically planar
transmission lines that are widely used for frequencies
from 100MHz to 100GHz.
30
Transmission Line Theory
Transmission line stores energy along its path
in a combined form of electric or magnetic
energy
There is a conversion of energy from one form
to the other for an alternating signal.
Thus, a transmission line has a circuit form that
is similar with an RLC circuit.
31
The Lumped-Element Circuit Model
oResistance (R) p.u.l
oCapacitance (C) p.u.l
oInductance (L) p.u.l
oConductance (G) p.u.l
32
Wave Propagation on a transmission line
Resistance (R) p.u.l
Capacitance (C) p.u.l
Inductance (L ) p.u.l
Conductance (G )p.u.l (isolation between lines)
By Applying Kirchhoff's law
TLs and Waveguides 33
Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line
Resistance (R) p.u.l
Capacitance (C) p.u.l
Inductance (L ) p.u.l
Conductance (G ) p.u.l (isolation between lines)
Taking the limit as 𝝙z goes to zero
TLs and Waveguides 34
Wave Propagation on a Transmission line
For Cosine phasors in a
steady state :
Solving for V(z) or I(z)
TLs and Waveguides 35
Cont.…
Propagation Constant
𝛼- Attenuation Coefficient
𝛽- Phase-Shift Coefficient
Characteristic Impedance
TLs and Waveguides 36
Cont.…
Other parameters include:
Attenuation Constant
Phase Constant
Wave number
Phase Velocity
Wavelength
TLs and Waveguides 37
The Lossless Line
In some cases the loss of a transmission line could be so small
that it can be ignored, and the dielectric material between the
conducting cables has 0 conductivity.
i.e. R =0 , G=0
Thus, the propagation expressions simplify to:
TLs and Waveguides 38
Impedance Matching
Impedance Matching: is very desirable with radio
frequency(RF) transmission lines. In the circuit
theory maximum power transfer requires to load
impedances.
In transmission line problems means simple
terminating the line in its characteristics
impedance.
A common application of RF transmission lines is
the one in which there is a feeder connection
between a transmitter and antenna.
39
40
Example 1
41
Example 2
42
43
