INTRODUCTION TO THE
GRAPHICAL USER
INTERFACE (GUI) IN MATLAB
Video of the Week
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=wSnx4V_RewE
What is a GUI?
Graphical User Interface
What?
A pictorial based interface that uses menus, buttons, the
mouse, and other “graphics” to communicate with the user.
[No command line interaction]
Examples:
The Windows Calculator
Firefox, Thunderbird, Office
Anything you are looking at [on the computer].
What is a GUI in MATLAB?
GUI’s in MATLAB consist of two files:
An “m-file” [******.m]
A “fig-file” [******.fig]
The m-file has all of the code that controls the GUI
The fig-file has all of the graphical objects, positions,
default values, and links it all together
MATLAB GUI -- Example
Edit Text
Boxes Panel
Axes
Pop Up-menu
Radio
Button
Push Button Static Text
MATLAB GUI -- Example
Sliders
to Change figure.
This is the “Superquadrics”
demo included with MATLAB.
Handle Graphics
Handle graphics are low-level graphic functions
that control characteristics generated by MATLAB.
They allow the programmer to have precise control
of the appearance of plots and graphics.1
Examples: turning the grid on or off, changing colors
or line types of plotted data, changing the marker type
or line width.
1
Chapman, Stephen J. MATLAB Programming for Engineers. 2005
Handle Graphics
Each component has a list of properties that define
what it looks like and how it behaves.
Plot Something:
Figure Window View Property Editor
More Properties
Handle Graphics
Handle Graphics
The manipulation of these properties form the basis
of GUIs and GUI programming in MATLAB.
The ‘handle’
>> fh = figure();
>> set(fh,'Name','Figure: Meet the World!');
>> set(fh,'NumberTitle','off');
>> ph = plot([1:10],[1:10].^2);
>> set(ph,'LineStyle','--');
>> set(ph,'Marker','square');
>> set(ph,'MarkerEdgeColor',[1 0 0],
'MarkerFaceColor',[0 1 0]);
>> get(ph); get(fh); %Look at all properties
Handle Graphics
The ‘set’ and ‘get’ commands
These are the primary commands that you use to … set
and get information about graphic objects, they update
the graphical object immediately
Syntax: ‘set’
>> set(object_hndl,'PropertyName',propvalue);
Syntax: ‘get’
>> propvalue = get(object_hndl,'PropertyName');
Creating a GUI
Step 1: Create the graphical components
Using the GUIDE
Manually configure each component
Step 2: Program components
The GUIDE will generate the primary file, you must add
to this file all of the actions your components will take.
Step 3: Interface with your analysis tools
We are working on a way for the user to work with your
code in an efficient manner.
Step 1: The GUI – The Guide
Type ‘guide’ into the command window or:
Step 1: The GUI – The Guide
Step 1(cont.): Create a new GUI
Step 1: The GUI – The Guide
Step 1: The GUI – The Guide
Tool Use
Layout Editor Select components from the component palette, at the left side of
the Layout Editor, and arrange them in the layout area.
Figure Resize Tab Set the size at which the GUI is initially displayed when you run it.
Menu Editor Create menus and context, i.e., pop-up, menus.
Align Objects Align and distribute groups of components.
Tab Order Editor Set the tab and stacking order of the components in your layout.
Property Inspector Set the properties of the components in your layout. It provides a
list of all the properties you can set and displays their current
values.
Object Browser Display a hierarchical list of the objects in the GUI.
Run Save and run the current GUI.
M-File Editor Display, in your default editor, the M-file associated with the GUI.
Step 1: The GUI – The Guide
MATLAB’s help files are going to help you the
most.
Search for:
GUIDE: Tools Summary
Previous two slides plus more details on each part
Creating a GUI with GUIDE
Step by step how to create a simple GUI
Step 1: Creating the GUI - [fig file]
Place Components
Figure out what you want.
Inputs
Outputs
Parameters / Configuration Options?
Choose appropriate components
See List
Place the objects
Click on icon [from component palette]
Click and drag in Layout Area
Configure the component
Double Click on component or right click and click on Property Inspector.
Change attributes
Align components
Step 1: Complete
We have placed our components and now:
Press save
Name your file
Up pops an m-file
Notice there is a lot of code
There is even more pseudocode
[This is a good thing]
Let’s take a closer look
Step 2: Creating the GUI – [m file]
Programming the GUI
GUI Files: An Overview
GUI M-File Structure
Callbacks: An Overview
Callback Input Arguments
Adding Callbacks to GUI M-File
Useful Commands
Examples of GUI Components
Step 2: Programming the GUI
Section Description
Comments Displayed at the command line in response to the help
command. Edit these as necessary for your GUI.
Initialization GUIDE initialization tasks. Do not edit this code.
Opening Performs your initialization tasks before the user has access
function to the GUI.
Output Returns outputs to the MATLAB command line after the
function opening function returns control and before control returns to
the command line.
Component Control the behavior of the GUI figure and of individual
and figure components. MATLAB calls a callback in response to a
callbacks particular event for a component or for the figure itself.
Step 2: Programming the GUI
Callbacks: An Overview
What is a Callback
A function associated with a GUI component. It controls the
behavior by performing an action in response to an event.
Kinds of Callbacks
Table
Step 2: Programming the GUI
Callback Syntax and Arguments
Most callbacks will look similar to this:
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton1.
function pushbutton1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton1 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
...
Insert your code after the last comment
Read the comments, they might help you
Step 2: Programming the GUI
Naming of Callbacks
function pushbutton1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
name
Input Arguments
hObject Handle of the object, e.g., the component
eventdata Reserved for later use.
handles Structure that contains the handles of all the objects in the figure. It
may also contain application-defined data.
Step 2: Programming the GUI
Adding Callbacks
The GUIDE only creates the most common callbacks
You may want to create different ones:
Right-click on the component you want
You are now looking at the Layout Editor context menu*
Select View callbacks
Select the callback you wish to create
The GUIDE will now add it to the m-file and open it.
Step 2: Programming the GUI
There are two key functions:
set
sets values
get
gets current values
Step 2: Programming the GUI
the get function
We have seen many examples:
user_data = get(hObject,’String’);
returns string in hObject
user_data = get(hObject,’Value’);
returns value in hObject
user_data = get(hObject,’max’);
returns max possible value in hObject*
same for min
Please note:
These commands only work when you are inside the callback function
you are trying to “get” the value of.
Step 2: Programming the GUI
the get function
In general:
To access data stored in a component somewhere else in your
program:
user_data = get(handles.component_name,’Value’)
Where “component_name” is a component which has a property called
‘Value’
component_name is generally structured like this:
[component type] [number] i.e. edit1 - pushbutton3 - edit2
You may change this [But be careful, read the help files]
Step 2: Programming the GUI
the set function
In general:
To set [output] values or strings to components in your GUI:
set(handles.component_name,’propertyname’,valuetoset)
Where “component_name” is a component which has a property called
‘Value’
You can set any property like this
Step 2: Programming the GUI
Important:
You can and most likely will use the following in
conjunction with one another:
set get
num2str str2double
Example:
set(handles.edittext1,'String',…
num2str(get(handles.slider1,'Value')));
This will set the “String” for edittext1 as the “Value” of slider1.
The num2str is used because the “String” must be a string and the “Value” is
stored as a number so, num2str converts it accordingly.
Step 2: Programming the GUI
Programming GUI Components
Push Button Pop-Up Menu
Toggle Button Panel
Radio Button Button Group
Check Box Axes
Edit Text ActiveX Control
Slider
List Box
Programming the GUI
Components
Push Button
Push Button
This example contains only a push button.
Clicking the button, closes the GUI.
This is the push button's Callback. It displays the string Goodbye at the
command line and then closes the GUI.
function pushbutton1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
disp(‘Goodbye’)
delete(handles.figure1);
Programming the GUI
Components
Toggle Button
The callback for a toggle button needs to query the toggle button to determine
what state it is in. MATLAB sets the Value property equal to the Max property
when the toggle button is pressed (Max is 1 by default) and equal to the Min
property when the toggle button is not pressed (Min is 0 by default).
The following code illustrates how to program the callback in the GUI M-file.
function togglebutton1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
button_state = get(hObject,'Value');
if button_state == get(hObject,'Max')
% Toggle button is pressed-take approperiate action
% ...
elseif button_state == get(hObject,'Min')
% Toggle button is not pressed-take appropriate action
...
end
Programming the GUI
Components
Radio Button
You can determine the current state of a radio button from within its callback
by querying the state of its Value property, as illustrated in the following
example:
if (get(hObject,'Value') == get(hObject,'Max'))
% Radio button is selected-take appropriate action
else
% Radio button is not selected-take appropriate action
end
Note: You can use a button group to mange exclusive selection
behavior for radio buttons and toggle buttons.
Programming the GUI
Components
Check Box
You can determine the current state of a check box from within its callback by
querying the state of its Value property, as illustrated in the following example:
function checkbox1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
if (get(hObject,'Value') == get(hObject,'Max'))
% Checkbox is checked-take approriate action
else
% Checkbox is not checked-take approriate action
end
Programming the GUI
Components
Edit Text
To obtain the string a user types in an edit box, get the
String property in the the Callback.
function edittext1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
user_string = get(hObject,'String');
% Proceed with callback
Retrieving Numeric Data from an Edit Text Component
MATLAB returns the value of the edit text String property as a
character string. If you want users to enter numeric values, you must
convert the characters to numbers. You can do this using the
str2double command, which converts strings to doubles. If the user
enters nonnumeric characters, str2double returns NaN.
Programming the GUI
Components
Edit Text (cont.)
You can use the following code in the edit text callback. It gets the
value of the String property and converts it to a double. It then checks
whether the converted value is NaN (isnan), indicating the user entered
a nonnumeric character and displays an error dialog (errordlg).
function edittext1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
user_entry = str2double(get(hObject,'string'));
if isnan(user_entry)
errordlg('You must enter a numeric value', ...
'Bad Input','modal')
return
end
% Proceed with callback...
Programming the GUI
Components
Slider
You can determine the current value of a slider from within
its callback by querying its Value property, as illustrated in
the following example:
function slider1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
slider_value = get(hObject,'Value');
% Proceed with callback...
The Max and Min properties specify the slider's maximum
and minimum values. The slider's range is Max - Min.
Programming the GUI
Components
List Box
When the list box Callback is triggered, the list box Value property contains the
index of the selected item, where 1 corresponds to the first item in the list. The
String property contains the list as a cell array of strings.
This example retrieves the selected string. It assumes listbox1 is the value of
the Tag property. Note that it is necessary to convert the value returned from
the String property from a cell array to a string.
function listbox1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
index_selected = get(hObject,'Value');
list = get(hObject,'String');
item_selected = list{index_selected};
% Convert from cell array to string
Programming the GUI
Components
Pop-Up Menu
When the pop-up menu Callback is triggered, the pop-up menu Value property
contains the index of the selected item, where 1 corresponds to the first item on
the menu. The String property contains the menu items as a cell array of
strings.
Using Only the Index of the Selected Menu Item
This example retrieves only the index of the item selected. It uses a switch
statement to take action based on the value. If the contents of the pop-up menu
are fixed, then you can use this approach. Else, you can use the index to
retrieve the actual string for the selected item.
function popupmenu1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
val = get(hObject,'Value');
switch val
case 1
% User selected the first item
case 2
% User selected the second item
end
% Proceed with callback...
Programming the GUI
Components
Panel
Panels group GUI components and can make a GUI easier to understand by
visually grouping related controls. A panel can contain panels and button
groups as well as axes and user interface controls such as push buttons, sliders,
pop-up menus, etc. The position of each component within a panel is
interpreted relative to the lower-left corner of the panel.
Generally, if the GUI is resized, the panel and its components are also resized.
However, you can control the size and position of the panel and its
components. You can do this by setting the GUI Resize behavior to Other (Use
ResizeFcn) and providing a ResizeFcn callback for the panel.
Note: To set Resize behavior for the figure to Other (Use ResizeFcn), select
GUI Options from the Layout Editor Tools menu.
Programming the GUI
Components
Button Group
Button groups are like panels except that they manage exclusive selection
behavior for radio buttons and toggle buttons. If a button group contains a set
of radio buttons, toggle buttons, or both, the button group allows only one of
them to be selected. When a user clicks a button, that button is selected and all
others are deselected.
The following figure shows a button group with two radio buttons and two toggle
buttons. Radio Button 1 is selected.
Programming the GUI
Components
Button Group (cont.)
If a user clicks the other radio button or one of the toggle buttons, it becomes selected
and Radio Button 1 is deselected. The following figure shows the result of clicking
Toggle Button 2.
The button group's SelectionChangeFcn callback is called whenever a selection is
made. Its hObject input argument contains the handle of the selected radio button or
toggle button.
Programming the GUI
Components
Button Group (cont.)
If you have a button group that contains a set of radio buttons and
toggle buttons and you want:
An immediate action to occur when a radio button or toggle button is selected, you
must include the code to control the radio and toggle buttons in the button group's
SelectionChangeFcn callback function, not in the individual toggle button Callback
functions. Color Palette provides a practical example of a SelectionChangeFcn
callback.
Another component such as a push button to base its action on the selection, then that
component's Callback callback can get the handle of the selected radio button or
toggle button from the button group's SelectedObject property.
This example of a SelectionChangeFcn callback uses the Tag property
of the selected object to choose the appropriate code to execute. Unlike
other callbacks, the hObject argument of the SelectionChangeFcn
callback contains the handle of the selected radio button or toggle
button.
Programming the GUI
Components
Button Group (cont.)
Example:
function uibuttongroup1_SelectionChangeFcn(hObject,eventdata,handles)
switch get(hObject,'Tag') % Get Tag of selected object
case 'radiobutton1'
% Code for when radiobutton1 is selected.
case 'radiobutton2'
% Code for when radiobutton2 is selected.
case 'togglebutton1'
% Code for when togglebutton1 is selected.
case 'togglebutton2'
% Code for when togglebutton2 is selected.
% Continue with more cases as necessary.
otherwise
% Code for when there is no match.
end
Programming the GUI
Components
Axes
Axes
Programming the GUI
Components
ActiveX Control
ActiveX
Programming for the GUI
Tips:
Set the initial values for everything
Deal with invalid inputs (many different ways to do this)
Run most of your code from a pushbutton, rather than small
steps as soon as they enter some data. [Unless carefully
designed, then the opposite may work better]
Use the property inspector!
Be creative!
Explore!
Creating a MATLAB GUI – Summary
Creating GUI’s in MATLAB
Use the GUIDE to create what you see
It will then create the basic m-file
Program the m-file
Utilize the callbacks of the components
The set, get, num2str, str2num functions are good
Read more about specific details you want to know
more about
Further Understanding
If you really want to understand the GUI please refer
to:
MATLAB Programming for Engineers – Stephen J. Chapman
Ch 5 “User-Defined Functions”
7.3 “Structure Arrays”
7.4 “Function Handles”
Ch 9 “Handle Graphics” **
Ch 10 “Graphical User Interface” **
MATLAB Help files on:
About GUIs in MATLAB
Creating Graphical User Interface **
** denotes highest level of importance
