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MODULE 1:

• UNDERSTANDING SELF FOR

EFFECTIVENESS

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CONTENT:
• Understanding Personality
• Role of Nature and Nurture in Personality Development
• TEA Model of Self
• Component of Self
• Real Self, Role Self, Ideal Self
• Self-Awareness
• Techniques of Self Awareness – Johari Window and SWOT Analysis of Self
• Big 5 factor
• Meaning and nature of attitude
• Components and Formation of attitude
• Importance and relevance of attitude
• Attitudinal Change
• Prejudice, Discrimination, Stereotype
• Building Positive Attitude

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By the end of the module, you should be

able to

KEY  Gain self-awareness

LEARNING  Understand your strengths and
OUTCOMES weakness
 Benefit from a greater appreciation
of the connection between how we
think, feel, and behave
 Recognise the relationship
between Building Positive Attitude
and improve your performance at
work
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 Amity Business School

It gives us a better understanding of our

strengths and weaknesses, and will work in
improving ourselves.
I think we need to know ourselves , because we are the
evolved beings and living a life without a purpose is not
worthy , so it becomes important to know our skills, our own
pros and cons ,in order to improve us as well as the society ,
we all shouldn't live only for ourselves so it becomes
necessary to increase our knowledge about ourselves so we
can have a motive to live as well as we can provide ourselves
happiness and satisfaction.

We need to know about ourselves bcoz by

this we can know our weakness and
strength and work on it to get better
version of ourselves. It will also help us to
choose better career options. We can know
about our skills.
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Understanding ourselves makes us more

aware of our privileges, self examining our
thoughts and beliefs not only helps us to
weigh our personal expectations and set
targets accordingly but also helps us to In an unequal world of ours, it's very
understand other's perspective and respect important to know where one stands
one's individuality. . as an individual and also as an unit of
a larger social setup. Knowing
ourselves and our uncertainties is the
first step to understand others. It
helps us keep rooted and prevents
Our habits, thoughts and actions form our from chasing clouds of perfectionism
attitude and mould the character. To have and expecting others to do so.
a positive attitude, pleasing behaviour and
perfect character, it is a definite necessity
to have a clear understanding and a
thorough  KNOWING ABOUT OURSELVES.
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INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE EQUATION

Performance =

Individual attributes ( Demographics/ Competencies/ Psychological

characteristics) x work effort ( willingness to perform) x Organizational
support
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Hints

Let’s Tell Rahul - breakfast - family – Arnav - cup of

tea - pours - Rahul shirt – Scolded- Verbal

a story battle- cried- Dropped to school- Got late–

Meeting- Over Speeding-Traffic Police-
Rs.2000- Forgot files- Day looked terrible-
Come home
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Notice the
difference?

Different scenarios.
All started the same.
Most of it ended
different.
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COGNITIVE TRIANGLE
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• A YOUNG GIRL IS WALKING

DOWN THE HALLWAY AT
SCHOOL WHEN SHE NOTICES
A GROUP OF GIRLS GLANCE
AT HER AND START
LAUGHING.
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• Let us Interpret this situation

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Thoughts: “They are making fun of

me,” “They don’t like me.”
Feelings: Ashamed, upset, hurt
Behaviors: Dashing away and crying
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COMPONENTS OF SELF:

• Real Self,
• Role Self,
• Ideal Self

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ACTIVITY:

• Describe how you feel about your

appearance in as much detail as you can?
• Describe your ideal appearance in as
much detail as possible?

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Understanding self

• Self awareness is knowing oneself,

including one’s traits, feelings, behaviours,
and knowing your limitations
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Why?

• When you are self aware it can help

you maintain objectivity
• When you are self aware, it helps you
recognize when you are under
pressure/stress
• It is helpful in effective
communication, interpersonal
relations, and empathy for others.
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• Creating self awareness can be

done by analysing yourself
through Johari window
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Johari Window

•The Johari Window model was devised by

American psychologists Joseph Luft and Harry
Ingham in 1955, while researching group dynamics
at the University of California Los Angeles.
•The model was first published in the Proceedings
of the Western Training Laboratory in Group
Development by UCLA Extension Office in 1955,
and was later expanded by Joseph Luft.
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Significance

• The Johari Window model is a simple and

useful tool for illustrating and improving
self- awareness, and mutual
understanding between individuals within
a group.
• The Johari Window model can also be
used to assess and improve a group's
relationship with other groups.
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Johari window - four regions

• what is known by the person about him/herself and is
also known by others - open area, open self, free area,
free self, or 'the arena'
• what is unknown by the person about him/herself but
which others know - blind area, blind self, or 'blindspot'
• what the person knows about him/herself that others do
not know - hidden area, hidden self, avoided area,
avoided self or 'facade'
• what is unknown by the person about him/herself and is
also unknown by others - unknown area or unknown self
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The open area

• It is that part of our conscious self - our

attitudes, behaviour, motivation, values,
and way of life - of which we are aware
and which is known to others.
• We move within this area with freedom.
• We are "open books".
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Blind Area

• There are things about ourselves which

we do not know, but that others can see
more clearly.
• When others say what they see
(feedback), in a supportive, responsible
way, and we are able to hear it; in that way
we are able to test the reality of who we
are and are able to grow.
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Hidden area

• Our hidden area cannot be known to

others unless we disclose it. There is that
which we freely keep within ourselves, and
that which we retain out of fear.
• The degree to which we share ourselves
with others (disclosure) is the degree to
which we can be known.
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Unknown

• We are more rich and complex than that

which we and others know, but from time
to time something happens - is felt, read,
heard, dreamed - something from our
unconscious is revealed. Then we "know"
what we have never "known" before.
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SWOT Analysis

• S = Strengths (internal)

• W = Weaknesses
(internal)
• O = Opportunities
(external)
• T = Threats (external)
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Introspection for Self

1. A regular practice of self

reflection and introspe
ction can help you take
the right actions today to
achieve your goals in the
future. ... Introspection i
s “the process of
attempting to directly
access one's own
internal psychological
processes, judgments,
perceptions, or states
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How we see ourselves matter?

It’s the perspective

Identify yourself…..
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Understanding oneself

• Personality
• Perception
• Attitudes
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UNDERSTANDING PERSONALITY
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What is Personality?
“ Those relatively stable and enduring
aspects of individuals which
distinguish him/her from other people
and at the same time form the basis
of our predictions concerning his / her
future behavior”- Wright et al., 1970)
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• The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and

interacts with others.
• The collection of psychological characteristics or traits that
determines a person’s preferences and individual style of
behavior.
- Personality refers to the stable underlying causes of individual
behaviour (Cloninger 2004)
- Personality denotes the relatively enduring traits or characteristics of
a person (Ewen 1994)
-Traits are usually observable (e.g. aggressiveness or shyness).
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• Persona (Greek word) means mask

• Personality (literally means) likeable mask
• Origin of the word implies personality is
the public self (our presentation of the self
to the outside world)
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Determinants of Personality
• Nature (heredity)
– The assumption that part of personality is
biologically- based and predetermined.
• Nurture (environment)
– The assumption that personality is shaped
primarily by life experiences, especially those
of early childhood.
– Culture, family, group membership and life
experiences.
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Perspectives on personality
• Trait
• Type
• Psychoanalytical
• Interpersonal
• Behavioral or social learning
approach
• Cognitive
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
A personality test that taps four characteristics and
classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types.

Personality Types
• Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)
• Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)
• Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)
• Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)
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The Big Five Model of Personality

Dimensions
Extroversion
Sociable, gregarious, and assertive

Agreeableness
Good-natured, cooperative, and trusting.

Conscientiousness
Responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.

Emotional Stability
Calm, self-confident, secure (positive) versus nervous, depressed,
and insecure (negative).

Openness to Experience
Imaginativeness, artistic, sensitivity, and intellectualism.
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• Big 5 Personality Dimension

Extraversion vs. introversion

Agreeableness vs. antagonism
Conscientiousness vs. lack of
direction
Neuroticism vs. emotional stability
Openness vs. closedness to
experience

Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)

Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)
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• Strongly Disagree -1
• Little Disagree -2
• Neither agree nor disagree -3
• little Agree -4
• Strongly Agree-5
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I see Myself as Someone Who...

____1. Is talkative
____2. Tends to find fault with others
____3. Does a thorough job
____4. Is depressed, blue
____5. Is original, comes up with new ideas
____6. Is reserved
____7. Is helpful and unselfish with others
____8. Can be somewhat careless
____9. Is relaxed, handles stress well
____10. Is curious about many different things
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____11. Is full of energy

____12. Starts quarrels with others
____13. Is a reliable worker
____14. Can be tense
____15. Is ingenious, a deep thinker
____16. Generates a lot of enthusiasm
____17. Has a forgiving nature
____18. Tends to be disorganized
____19. Worries a lot
____20. Has an active imagination
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____21. Tends to be quiet

____22. Is generally trusting
____23. Tends to be lazy
____24. Is emotionally stable, not easily upset
____25. Is inventive
____26. Has an assertive personality
____27. Can be cold and aloof
____28. Perseveres until the task is finished
____29. Can be moody
____30. Values artistic, aesthetic experiences
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____31. Is sometimes shy, inhibited

____32. Is considerate and kind to almost everyone
____33. Does things efficiently
____34. Remains calm in tense situations
____35. Prefers work that is routine
____36. Is outgoing, sociable
____37. Is sometimes rude to others
____38. Makes plans and follows through with them
____39. Gets nervous easily
____40. Likes to reflect, play with ideas
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____41. Has few artistic interests

____42. Likes to cooperate with others
____43. Is easily distracted
____44. Is sophisticated in art, music, or
literature
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Attitudes

Approach
How react to something or someone
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• Meaning and nature of attitude

• Components and Formation of attitude
• Importance and relevance of attitude
• Attitudinal Change
• Prejudice, Discrimination, Stereotype
• Building Positive Attitude
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INTRODUCTION
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THE ICEBERG SIGMUND FREUD THEORY ABOUT HUMAN

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Attitudes are influenced by values and are

acquired from the same sources as values:
friends, teachers, parents, and role models
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• Attitudes focus on specific people or

objects, whereas values have a more
general focus and are more stable than
attitudes.
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Attitude is a predisposition to respond in a positive or

negative way to someone or something in one’s
environment.

Attitudes and Behaviour

You should recognize that the link between attitudes and

behaviour is tentative. An attitude results in intended
behaviour; this intention may or may not be carried out in a
give circumstance
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Cognitive component

The cognitive component of an attitude

reflects the beliefs, opinions,
knowledge, or information a person
possesses.
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Affective component

The affective component of an attitude is a

specific feeling regarding the personal
impact of the antecedents.
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Behavioural component
The behavioural component is an intention to
behave in a certain way based on your specific
feelings or attitudes.
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Cognitive dissonance

Leon Festinger

Cognitive dissonance describes a state of

inconsistency between an individual’s
attitude and behaviour
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Festinger predicts that such an inconsistency results in

discomfort and a desire to reduce or eliminate it by
(1)changing the underlying attitude,
(2)changing future behaviour, or
(3)developing new ways of explaining or rationalizing the
inconsistency