Normalization
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Shreya JaiswalNormalization
Uploaded by
Shreya JaiswalNORMALIZATION
By Shreya Jaiswal (ENG20CA0042)
DBS Seminar
What is Normalization?
Normalization is the process of organizing data in a
database. This includes creating tables and establishing
relationships between those tables according to rules
designed both to protect the data and to make the
database more flexible by eliminating redundancy and
inconsistent dependency.
A properly normalized database should have the
following characteristics
–Scalar values in each fields
–Absence of redundancy.
–Minimal use of null values.
–Minimal loss of information.
Data Anomalies
SID SNAME CID CNAME FID FNAME SALARY
1 King C1 DBMS F1 JOHN 30000
2 George C2 JAVA F2 ALICE 40000
3 Alex C1 DBMS F1 JOHN 30000
4 Bob C1 DBMS F1 JOHN 30000
5 David C10 MBBS
Levels of Normalization
•Various levels of normalization are:
–First Normal Form (1NF)
–Second Normal Form (2NF)
–Third Normal Form (3NF)
–Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
–Fourth Normal Form (4NF)
–Fifth Normal Form (5NF)
–Domain Key Normal Form (DKNF)
Each higher level is a subset of the lower level.
● Eliminate repeating groups in
individual tables.
● Create a separate table for
each set of related data.
● Identify each set of related data
with a primary key.
1 NF Example
1 NF Example
● It has to be in 1st NF.
● Create separate tables for sets of values
that apply to multiple records.
● Relate these tables with a foreign key.
● Table also should not contain partial
dependency.
2 NF Example
2 NF Example
● It has to be in 2nd NF.
● Eliminate fields that do not depend on
the key.
● Values in a record that are not part of
that record's key do not belong in the
table.
● There should be no transitive
dependency for non-prime attributes.
3 NF Example
3 NF Example
● It has to be in 3rd NF.
● Boyce Codd Normal Form
● BCNF does not allow dependencies
between attributes that belong to candidate
keys.
● BCNF is a refinement of the third normal
form in which it drops the restriction of a
non-key attribute from the 3rd normal form.
● Third normal form and BCNF are not same if
the following conditions are true:
–The table has two or more candidate keys
–At least two of the candidate keys are
composed of more than one attribute
–The keys are not disjoint i.e. The
composite candidate keys share some
attributes
BCNF Example
BCNF Example
Conclusion
Through the process of database normalization we bring our schema's tables into conformance
with progressive normal forms. As a result our tables each represent a single entity and we benefit
from decreased redundancy, fewer anomalies and improved efficiency.
Normalizing decisions need to be based on the use of the tables and the database.
These updates and modifications are common in any database. If the data is not normalized
or poorly normalized lead to burden over the excessive I/O disk which results in the poor
performance of the database. This is the main reason why the data should be normalized.
Thank You
References:-
https://www.javatpoint.com/dbm
s-normalization
https://www.guru99.com/databa
se-normalization.html
