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Computer HArdware and Software

The document discusses the basic components of a computer system. It describes the motherboard, CPU (including the ALU, CU, and cache memory), primary storage RAM, secondary storage like hard disks, ROM, and the different types of computer buses (data, control, and address buses) that allow components to communicate. It provides details on how the CPU, memory, and input/output devices work together to process instructions and transfer data throughout the system.

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Neetu Kedia
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22 views

Computer HArdware and Software

The document discusses the basic components of a computer system. It describes the motherboard, CPU (including the ALU, CU, and cache memory), primary storage RAM, secondary storage like hard disks, ROM, and the different types of computer buses (data, control, and address buses) that allow components to communicate. It provides details on how the CPU, memory, and input/output devices work together to process instructions and transfer data throughout the system.

Uploaded by

Neetu Kedia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4 content

• Basic organization of computer


• What is motherboard
• What is CPU
• Components of CPU ( ALU, CU, MU<cache>)
• Primary Storage (RAM)
• Secondary Storage (Hard Disk, CD , Fash drive)
• What is ROM
• What is Computer Bus ( Data Bus, Control Bus, Address
Bus)
• Input Devices and Output Devices
BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
CHAPTER - IV

• Basic Organization of a Computer System is called


Computer Architecture.
• Different computer have different architecture.
• But, basic organization remains the same for all
computer systems.
• E.g. CPU, MEMORY, INPUT/OUTPUT Devices
• Motherboard: In personal computers, a motherboard is the
central printed circuit board (PCB) and in many modern computers
and holds many of the crucial components of the system, providing
connectors for other peripherals (input/output devices).
Hardware Devices Analogy:
A Paper-Based Office
Register Storage

Output

Primary Storage
Secondary Storage

Input

Logically there is no difference between a Computer and a Human

3
A Computer Hardware System

Figure 3.1: Hardware Components


4
Microprocessor /Processor/ CPU
• The Central Processing Unit (CPU) carries out all the computer program
instructions.
• Choosing the right CPU has a great impact on performance.
• Two very popular choices of CPU for use in a PC are:
• The Pentium series from Intel
• The Athlon series from AMD
CPU…. Continue
• CPU stands for central processing Unit.
• Each CPU has a set of pins through which all
its communication takes place with the other
devices.
• CPU consists of two units
– ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit)
– CU (Control Unit)
• CPU located on motherboard.
1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
• All arithmetic and logical operations are
performed in ALU.
• Asthmatic Operations such as
– (+, *, -, %, /)
• Logical Operations such as
– (>, <, >=, <=, !=, =, ==)
• No processing occurs in primary storage.
• Data move from primary storage to ALU or vice
versa.
Control Unit (CU)
• Act as a supervisor of the computer.
• The control unit is the circuitry that controls the flow of information
through the processor, and coordinates the activities of the other
units within it.
• In a way, it is the "brain within the brain", as it controls what happens
inside the processor, which in turn controls the rest of the PC.
• The control unit is one of the most important parts of a
microprocessor for the reason that it is in charge of the entire
process, that is the machine cycle. The CPU deals with each
instruction it is given in a series of steps. Each step is repeated for
each instruction.
Control Unit (CU)
• This series of steps is called the machine cycle (fetch-
decode-execute cycle). It involves:
• fetching an instruction from memory;
• decoding the instruction;
• transferring the data;
• executing the instruction.

The control unit makes sure that all of those actions are
carried out. It also manages all the other components on
the CPU.
Memory Unit (MU)
• CPU has its own memory to store data. (Cache)
• Like L1, L2, L3 (A shared Memory )
• Instructions are also stored in this memory/CPU registers.
• These are the fastest storage area in a computer.
MU vs Mail Box Example
• The location in memory for each instruction and each piece of
data is identified by an address.
• That is, each location has an address number, like the mailboxes in
front of an apartment house. And, like the mailboxes, the address
numbers of the locations remain the same, but the contents
(instructions and data) of the locations may change. That is, new
instructions or new data may be placed in the locations when the
old contents no longer need to be stored in memory.
MEMORY
• In computing, memory refers to the physical devices used to store
programs (sequences of instructions) or data (e.g. program
state information) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in a
computer or other digital electronic device.
• A typical computer contains numerous types
of memory including
– RAM (Random Access Memory)
– ROM (Read Only Memory)
– Virtual Memory
RAM
• RAM is the most common type of memory found in computers and other devices,
such as printers.
• There are two different types of RAM: DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) and
SRAM (Static Random Access Memory).
• The two types differ in the technology they use to hold data, with DRAM being the
more common type. In terms of speed, SRAM is faster. DRAM needs to be refreshed
thousands of times per second while SRAM does not need to be refreshed, which is
what makes it faster than DRAM. DRAM supports access times of about 60
nanoseconds, SRAM can give access times as low as 10 nanoseconds.
• Despite SRAM being faster, it's not as commonly used as DRAM because it's so much
more expensive.
• Both types of RAM are volatile, meaning that they lose their contents when the
power is turned off.
• In common usage, the term RAM is synonymous with main memory, the memory
available to programs.
ROM
• ROM (read-only memory) refers to special
memory used to store programs that boot the
computer and perform diagnostics. Most
personal computers have a small amount of
ROM (a few thousand bytes). In fact, both
types of memory (ROM and RAM) allow
random access. To be precise, therefore, RAM
should be referred to as read/write RAM and
ROM as read-only RAM.
Read Only Memory (ROM) Types
There are five basic ROM types:
1. ROM - Read Only Memory
2. PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory
3. EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory
4. EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable
Read Only Memory
Each type has unique characteristics, but all
types of  ROM memory have two things in
common:

• Data stored in these chips is non-volatile -- it is


not lost when power is removed.
• Data stored in these chips is either
unchangeable or requires a special operation
to change. 
Computer/System Bus
• A collection of wires which data is transmitted from oe part of a
computer to another.
. • Think, Bus as a highway
• The size of a bus, known as its width , for example 16-bit bus
• Internal Bus
Computer Bus …… Continue
• Data needs to move around the computer, for example:
• The CPU needs to move information in and out of memory
• Data needs to move between the hard disk and the CPU.
• Data needs to move between the graphics card and the CPU
• Data needs to move between the CDROM / DVD and the CPU
• The way that data is moved from one place to another is
via a 'bus'.
• A 'bus' is a set of wires or copper tracks that are built into
the motherboard. 
• A bus usually contains between 1 to 64 wires (or more),
the number of wires equals the number of  'bits' that can
be transferred in one clock cycle.
• An 8 bit bus has 8 wires - it can transfer 8 bits in one go,
with 1 bit on each wire.
• A 16 bit bus can transfer 16 bits in one cycle - 1 bit per
wire.

• Current PCs have 32 bit buses and the newer generation are
going to use 64 bit wide buses.
Types of Computer Bus
• Data Bus
– Used to carry data signals
– E.g numbers which we want to add or the string which we want to compare.
– Transfer data from main memory (Ram) to CPU and vice versa or other part
of computer.

• Address Bus
– Used to carry address signals
– E.g address of memory location or a port(interface – where an input or
output device is attached.

• Control Bus
– It used to carry control signals
– E.g read/write , enable / disable etc.

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