E R 1

A P T
CH PUTER
CO M O GY
N O L
E C H
T
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

• Understand basic concepts of computer technology.

• Learn computer system software
• Understand the basic concepts of information on the Internet.
Vacuum Tube
Transistors
EVOLUTIONS OF
COMPUTER

EVOLUTIONS
OF COM

Microprocessor
Integrated Circuit

Artificial
Intelligence
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FIRST GENERATION (1940–56)—VACUUM
TUBES
• Used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, the input was based on

punched cards and paper tape and the output was in the form of printouts.

• Relied on binary-coded language, which is also known as the machine language (i.e. language

of 0s and 1s), to perform operations and were able to solve only one problem at a time.

• Very large and required a lot of space for installation.

• Since thousands of vacuum tubes were used, they generated a large amount of heat.

• They were very expensive to operate and used a large amount of electricity.

• Since machine language was used, these computers were difficult to program and use.

• Examples: ENIAC, EDVAC and UNIVAC.

 SECOND GENERATION (1956–63)—
TRANSISTORS
•Transistor is a small device, the physical size of the computer was greatly reduced.

•Computers became smaller, faster, cheaper, energy-efficient and more reliable than their

predecessors.

•Magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices,

but they still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.

•Assembly language used mnemonics (abbreviations) for instructions rather than numbers; for

example, ADD for addition and MULT for multiplication. As a result, programming became less

cumbersome.

•Early high-level programming languages such as COBOL and FORTRAN also came into

existence during this period.

•Examples: PDP-8, IBM 1401 and IBM 7090.

THIRD GENERATION (1964–EARLY 1970S)
—INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
• Integrated circuits replaced several individually wired transistors. This development
made computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient.

• Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third-generation

computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system.

• This allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central
program that monitored the memory.

• Extensive use of high-level languages became possible.

• Manual assembling of individual components was not required; therefore, it reduced

the large requirement of labor and cost. However, highly sophisticated technologies
were required for the manufacturing of IC chips.

• Examples: NCR 395 and B6500.

 FOURTH GENERATION (EARLY 1970S–
TILL DATE)—MICROPROCESSORS
• Fourth-generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable and affordable.
• Fourth-generation computers led to an era of large-scale integration (LSI) and very-
large-scale integration (VLSI) technology. LSI technology allowed thousands of
transistors to be constructed on one small slice of silicon material, whereas VLSI
squeezed hundreds of thousands of components on to a single chip. Ultra-large-scale
integration (ULSI) increased that number to millions. This way the computers became
smaller and cheaper than ever before.
• Magnetic core memories were substituted by semiconductor memories, which resulted in
faster random access main memories.
• Secondary memories such as hard disks became economical, smaller, and bigger in capacity.
• This generation also saw the development of graphical user interfaces (GUIs), mouse and
hand-held devices.
• GUI and pointing devices enable the users to learn to use the computer quickly.
• Interconnection of computers leads to better communication and resource sharing.
• Examples: Apple II, Altair 8800 and CRAY-1.
 FIFTH GENERATION (PRESENT AND
BEYOND)—ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• The process of developing fifth-generation computers is still in the development stage.
• The expert system is defined as a computer system that attempts to mimic the thought process and
reasoning of experts in specific areas. Three characteristics can be identified with the fifth-
generation computers. These are as follows:
• Mega Chips: Fifth-generation computers will use super large-scale integrated (SLSI) chips,
which will result in the production of microprocessor having millions of electronic components
on a single chip. To store instructions and information, fifth-generation computers require a
great amount of storage capacity. Mega chips may enable the computer to approximate the
memory capacity of the human mind.
• Parallel Processing: Computers with one processor access and execute only one instruction at
a time. This is called serial processing. However, fifth-generation computer will use multiple
processors and perform parallel processing, thereby accessing several instructions at one time
and working on them at the same time.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI): It refers to a series of related technologies that tries to simulate
and reproduce human behaviour including thinking, speaking and reasoning. AI comprises a
group of related technologies: expert systems (ES), natural language processing (NLP), speech
recognition, vision recognition and robotics.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
PERSONAL COMPUTERS, SERVERS, MAINFRAMES
AND SUPER COMPUTERS
 PERSONAL COMPUTER

• A personal computer can perform all of its input, processing,

output, and storage activities by itself.
• Software applications for personal computers include word
processing, spreadsheets, databases, Web browsers and e-mail
clients, digital media playback and games
• desktop computer, laptop, tablet PC, or a handheld PC.
 SERVERS

• A server control access to the hardware, software, and other

resources on a network.
• Provides a centralized storage area for programs, data, and information.
• Web Server, E-mail server, Print server, File Server,
Application Server…etc
 MAINFRAME

• A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful computer that can

handle hundreds or thousands of connected user simultaneously.
• Mainframes are computers in which all the processing is done
centrally, and the user terminals are called "dumb terminals" since
they only input and output (and do not process). In modern
systems, a PC or a web app often acts as the dumb terminal.
• Mainframes are computers used mainly by large organizations for
critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as a
census(banci).
• Examples: banks, airlines, insurance companies, and colleges.
 SUPER COMPUTER

• A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer.

• Fastest supercomputers are capable of processing more than one
quadrillion instructions in a single second.
• They can resolve complex mathematical equations in a few hours,
which would have taken a scientist with paper and pencil a lifetime, or
years, using a hand calculator.
• Large, expensive to maintain, and require a lot of electrical
power.
• Today use:
• Airplane simulation
• Auto accident simulation
• Advanced graphics for movies
• And lots more…
 COMPUTER SYSTEM SOFTWARE

• Software : a set of computer instructions that directs devices

to carry out tasks. Two types of software are:
• System software
• System software that provides the basic non-task-specific functions of the
computer and application software that is utilized by the users to accomplish
specific tasks. Example: Disk Operating System (DOS), Windows 7,8 and
etc.

• Application software
• System software is essential for a computer to function. However, application
software is the additional software that the users choose according to their
needs. Example: Word Processing (Microsoft Word) and Spreadsheet
Software (Microsoft Excel).
OPERATING SYSTEM: DEFINITION

• An operating system is a collection of system programs that

together controls the operation of a computer system.
Operating system is the most important part of any computer
system.
• It acts as an intermediary between a user and the computer
hardware.
• The operating system has two objectives.
• Managing the Computer's hardware
• Providing an Interface
 VARIOUS OS

Various operating system for :

• Server Computer
- Windows Server 2003
- Linux Redhat
• Personal computer
- Windows Me, XP
- Windows 7,8
• Mobile
- Android
- iOS
 THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF
INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET
INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEB

• Which came first - Internet or WWW?

 THE INTERNET

• Internet is a network of interconnected computers that is now

global
• Internet born in 1969 - called ARPANET
• 1969 ARPANET was connection of computers at UCLA,
Stanford, UCSB, Univ. of Utah
 INTERNET - 1970S

• 1972 - Telnet developed as a way to connect to remote computer

• 1972 – Email introduced
• 1977 - U. Wisconsin has first “large” Email system - 100 users
• 1973 - ARPANET goes international
• 1973 - File Transfer Protocol (FTP) established
 INTERNET - 1980S

• 1984 - Domain Name Server introduced

• allows naming of hosts, no longer numeric
• 1986 - NSFNET created
• in 1990, becomes backbone of modern Internet when ARPANET is
decommissioned
• Completely privatized by 1995
• 56 K interconnection initially, increased rapidly
 INTERNET 1990S

• 1991 - Tim Berners-Lee releases World Wide Web!

• TBL is computer programmer at CERN, a physics lab in Europe (new book
Weaving the Web by TBL)
• 1993 - Mosaic (becomes Netscape) designed by graduate students at
University of Illinois
• first point-and-click browser
• later developed into Netscape Navigator
 WORLD WIDE WEB

• Via Internet, computers can contact each other

• Public files on computers can be read by remote user
• usually HyperText Markup Language (.html)
• URL - Universal Resource Locator - is name of file on a
remote computer
• http://www.msu.edu/~urquhar5/tour/active.html
• World Wide Web uses HTTP Servers, better known as web
server
 WEB BROWSERS

• Mosaic (1993) was first point-and-click browser

• Web browsers are the software we use to view web pages
• Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer are most popular
EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET & WWW

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 SEARCHING TOOLS

• To conduct a search on the Internet, a special search tool

known as search engines is used.
• A search engine searches a database of Internet files collected
by a computer program called a wanderer, crawler or spider.
• It allows the user to enter keywords relating to particular
topics and retrieve information about the Internet sites
containing those keywords.
 SEARCHING TOOLS (cont.)

• As such, a search engine consists of four components:

• Spider: Program that traverses the Web from link to link, identifying
and reading pages.
• Indexing Software: Program that analyses web pages that are
downloaded by spiders.
• Database: Warehouse of the web pages downloaded and processed.
• Search Engine Mechanism: Software that enables users to query the
index and that usually returns results in term relevancy ranked order
 SEARCH APPROACHES

• Keyword search
• Keyword searching is the process of searching electronically stored evidence
using any specified word, or combination of words with the intent of locating and
identifying potential evidence. 
• Directory / Index Search
• Such as Yahoo Directory, is a catalog of websites organized by category to allow
users to easily browse for the information they need.
• Metasearch engines
• A meta search engine is a type of search engine that gives results based on a
combination of results from other search engine databases.(www.dogpile.com)
• Specialized search engines
• Specialized search engines index pages for particular topics only and very often
there are many pages that cannot be found in general-purpose search engines but
only in specialized ones.
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 IMPORTANCE OF LIFE-LONG LEARNING AND
CONTINUAL PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT TO AN
IT PROFESSIONAL

mnimz-jtmk2011 34
 IMPORTANCE OF A LIFE-LONG
LEARNING TO IT PROFESSIONAL
• To enhance knowledge in order to meet the current
environment.
• IT always change and it information always fresh.
• To adapt a new technology/finding/outcome on the IT based
application.
• To solve a current problem with the newest technology.
THANK YOU 

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