JUNIOR MATHEMATICS

RULES FOR ADDING INTEGERS

• If the integers have the same sign, add them together and keep the sign.
Example: 10 + 15 = 25
(-5) + (-7) = -12
• If the integers have different signs, subtract them. The sign of the greater
number will be the sign of the answer.
Example: 5 + (-8) = -3
(-10) + 15 = 5
 RULES FOR SUBTRACTING INTEGERS

1. Convert the subtraction sign into an addition sign.

2. After converting the sign, take the inverse of the number which comes after
the sign.

Once the transformation is done, follow the rules of addition.

Example: (-5) - 7

-5 + (-7) = -12
 RULES FOR MULTIPLYING INTEGERS

Multiply like how we would multiply whole numbers and use the following
rules to determine the sign of the product.
RULE #1:
When multiplying two integers with the same sign, the result is always
POSITIVE.
EXAMPLE:
3  10 = 30
-5  -5 = 25
 RULES FOR MULTIPLYING INTEGERS

Multiply like how we would multiply whole numbers and use the following
rules to determine the sign of the product.
RULE #2:
When multiplying two integers with different sign, the result is always
NEGATIVE.
EXAMPLE:
5  -2 = -10
-4  3 = -12
 RULES FOR MULTIPLYING INTEGERS

When multiplying three or more integers, multiply it like how we would

multiply whole numbers then determine the sign of the product by counting
the negative factors.
An odd number of negative factors gives a negative product.
An even number of negative factors gives a positive product.
EXAMPLE:
(-5)(-4)(-2)(1) = -40
(-4)(-3)(2) = 24
 RULES FOR DIVIDING INTEGERS

Multiplying and dividing integers are inverse operations. The rules in

multiplying integers are also the same as dividing integers.
RULE #1:
When dividing two integers with the same sign, the result is always
POSITIVE.
EXAMPLE:
30  3 = 10
-6  -2 = 3
 RULES FOR DIVIDING INTEGERS

Multiplying and dividing integers are inverse operations. The rules in

multiplying integers are also the same as dividing integers.
RULE #2:
When dividing two integers with different sign, the result is always
NEGATIVE.
EXAMPLE:
15  (-3) = -5
-40  4 = -10
Law 1: Product Law

Law 2: Quotient Law

Law 3: Power of a power

Law 4: Power with different bases

Law 5: Zero Exponent

Law 6: Negative Exponent

ADDITION OF POLYNOMIALS

To add like terms together, you add the coefficients and keep the variable part the
same.

There are two (2) common methods by which we add algebraic expressions.
METHOD 1
In vertical form, align the like terms and add.
(7xy + 5yz – 3xz) + (4yz + 9xz – 4y) + (-2xy – 3xz + 5x)

7xy + 5yz – 3xz

+ 4yz + 9xz - 4y
+ -2xy -3xz + 5x

5xy + 9yz + 3xz + 5x – 4y

METHOD 2
In horizontal form, use the Associative and Commutative Properties to regroup and
combine like terms.

(7xy + 5yz – 3xz) + (4yz + 9xz – 4y) + (-2xy – 3xz + 5x)

= (7xy – 2xy) + (5yz + 4yz) + (-3xz + 9xz – 3xz) + 5x – 4y

= 5xy + 9yz + 6xz + 5x – 4y

SUBTRACTION OF POLYNOMIALS

To subtract polynomials, remember that subtracting is the same as adding the

opposite. To find the opposite of a polynomial, you must write the opposite of each
term in the polynomial:
For example:

- (2 - 3x + 7) = -2 + 3x - 7
MULTIPLICATION OF POLYNOMIALS

If all the polynomials are monomials, use the associative and commutative property.
If any of the polynomials are not monomials, use the distributive property before the
associative and commutative properties. Then combine like terms.
Example: Multiplying Polynomials

1. (3)(-2x) = (3)(-2)(  x) = -6

2. (4)(3 - 2x + 5)

= (4)(3) - (4)(2x) + (4)(5) Distributive Property

= 12 - 8 + 20 Multiply the monomials

SPECIAL PRODUCTS

When multiplying 2 binomials, the distributive property can be easily remembered

as the FOIL method.

F – product of FIRST term

O – product of OUTSIDE term
I – product of INSIDE term
L – product of LAST term
SPECIAL PRODUCTS

In the process of using the FOIL method on products of certain types of binomials,
we see specific patterns that lead to special products.

SQUARING A BINOMIAL

MULTIPLYING THE SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF TWO TERMS

(a + b)(a – b) = -
DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS

When dividing a polynomial by a monomial, divide each term of the polynomial

separately by the monomial.

Example:
= + -

= -4 + 12 -
 DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS

DIVISION OF A POLYNOMIAL BY MONOMIAL

24x3 – 12xy + 9x  3x
=
= 8 - 4y + 3
DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS

Dividing a polynomial by a polynomial other than a monomial uses a “long division”

technique that is like the process known as long division in dividing two numbers.
+ 5x + 6  x – 1 =

Using the long division:

 DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS

One method of dividing polynomials is the SYNTHETIC DIVISION.

Synthetic division  is generally used, however, not for dividing out factors but for finding
zeroes (or roots) of polynomials.
 DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS

DIVISION OF A POLYNOMIAL
BY ANOTHER POLYNOMIAL

Divide:   x2 + 2x + 3x3 + 5 by 1 + 2x + x2

Parts of the Cartesian Plane

It is composed of two perpendicular number lines that meet at the point of

ORIGIN (0, 0) and divide the plane into four regions called QUADRANTS.

The horizontal line is called the X – AXIS, and the vertical line is called the Y
– AXIS.
(-, +)
(+, +)

(-, -) (+, -)
Parts of the Cartesian Plane

An ordered pair of the form (x, y) is the representation of a point on the

Cartesian plane.

The first coordinate of a point is called the x – coordinate or abscissa and the
second coordinate is called the y – coordinate or ordinate.
Points on the Axes

• Points with a y-coordinate equal to 0 are on the x-axis, and have coordinates
(a, 0).
• Points with an x-coordinate equal to 0 are on the y-axis, and have
coordinates (0, b).
• What is the ordered pair of the point where the axes cross? At that point both
coordinates are zero, so its ordered pair is (0, 0). The point has a special
name. It is called the origin.
• The point (0, 0) is called the origin. It is the point where the x-axis and y-
axis intersect.
 Six Types of Angles
• Acute Angles - An acute angle lies between 0 degree and 90 degrees, or in other words; an
acute angle is one that is less than 90 degrees.

• Obtuse Angles - An obtuse angle is the opposite of an acute angle. It is the angle which
lies between 90 degrees and 180 degrees or in other words; an obtuse angle is greater than
90 degrees and less than 180 degrees.

• Right Angles - A right angle is always equal to 90 degrees. Any angle less than 90 degrees
is an acute angle whereas any angle greater than 90 degrees is an obtuse angle. 
 Six Types of Angles
• Straight Angles - A straight angle is 180 degrees when measured.

• Reflex Angles - Any angle that has a measure which is greater than 180 degrees but less
than 360 degrees (which coincides with 0 degrees) is a reflex angle.

• Full Rotation - An angle equal to 360 degrees is called full rotation or full angle. It is
formed when one of the arms takes a complete rotation to form an angle.
Pair of Angles

•Complementary angles - If the sum is equal to 90°.

•Supplementary angles - If the sum of two angles is equal to 180°.
•Linear Pair - When the non-common arms of adjacent angles are just opposite to each
other, or they extend in the opposite direction.
•Adjacent angles - When two angles are connected with one common arm and have one
common vertex and also the non-common arms are either side of the common arm.
•Vertically Opposite angles - When two lines intersect each other at a single point (called
vertex), then the angle formed on either side of the common vertex
 Angles Formed When Two Lines are Cut by a
Transversal
TRANSVERSAL - is a line that intersects two or more lines.
INTERIOR ANGLES - the four angles formed between the lines x and y.
EXTERIOR ANGLES - the four angles formed that lie outside the lines x and y.
ALTERNATE INTERIOR ANGLES - two interior angles that lie on opposite sides of
a transversal.
ALTERNATE EXTERIOR ANGLES - two exterior angles that lie on opposite sides of
a transversal.
CORRESPONDING ANGLES - two angles, one interior and the other exterior, on the
same side of the transversal.
When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal as shown:

• The boxed angles are congruent.

• Corresponding angles are congruent
• Alternate interior angles are congruent.
• Alternate exterior angles are congruent.
• Linear pairs are supplementary
• Interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary
• Exterior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary.
 POLYGONS

A closed plane figure by three or more straight sides that meet in pairs in the same number
of vertices, and do not intersect other than at these vertices.
Polygons first fit into two general categories – convex and not convex (sometimes called
concave).

CONCAVE – a polygon is concave if there are two points somewhere inside it for which a
segment with these as its endpoints cuts at least 2 of the sides of the polygon.
 Diagonal of a Polygon

For an “n”sided – polygon, the number of diagonals can be obtained by the formula:

Number of Diagonals =
n = number of sides
So, for ABC, the ratios are defined as:

1. sinC =
2. cosC =
3. tanC =
4. cscC =
5. secC =
6. cotC =