Chapter 1

C++ Basics

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd.

All rights reserved.
 CMPS 212
Intermediate programming with data
structures
Section MWF 8:00-8:50
Prof: Mohamed Nassar
Office: Bliss Hall, 228
Email: [email protected]
Office Hours: MW 10:00 to 12:00 pm or by appointment

TA: TBA

2
 Course Info
• Moodle:
– Links to Syllabus, Announcements, Calendar, details on course policies
• Textbooks:
– Data Structures and Algorithms in C++, Goodrich, Tamassia, Mount,
2nd Edition, Wiley. ISBN: 978-0-470-38327-8.
– Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in C++, 4/E, Mark Weiss, ISBN-
10: 013284737X, Pearson
– Introduction to Algorithms, Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, and Stein
(CLRS), 2nd Ed., MIT Press, 2001
– Absolute C++, Global Edition,5th or 6th edition, Savitch and Mock,
Pearson

CMPS 212 1-3

 Course Activities
• Lab
– The lectures are complemented by one 3-hour weekly
session in the computer lab
– We strongly encourage you to bring your laptops to the
labs
– https://mingw-w64.org/doku.php/download (for windows)
– Visual Studio Code (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIw02CaEusY)
• Assignments
– Assignments will be given weekly and all assignments
should be submitted to Moodle on or before the due date

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CMPS 212
 Grading Criteria

Category Percentage
Programming assignments 20%
Labs and attendance 10%
Quiz 1 (Mon. 9th March at 18:00) 15%
Quiz 2 (Wed. 22nd April at 18:00) 20%
Final Exam 35%

If these dates are not convenient for you, you have to let us
know before February 15th.

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CMPS 212
 Course Policies

• Attendance
– You are expected to attend lectures and labs and to be
on time
– Attendance during lab sessions and lectures may be
taken (sometimes in the form of a pop quiz)
• Collaboration
– You may have discussions, but you must submit your
own solution/code
• Extensions
– Late submissions are NOT allowed
 What will you learn in this
course?
• Code in C++ using the STL and templates
• Define reusable components following OOP paradigm
• Explain abstract data types such as stacks, queues
• Select the appropriate data structures for specific
problems and implement them in different ways
• Use hashing for data access and retrieval
• Apply mathematical background of algorithm analysis
to determine their efficiency
• Describe various tree and graph algorithms
• Use algorithm design techniques such as greedy, divide-
and-conquer, and dynamic programming
 Why C++?
• The greatest strength of C++ is its potential for
creating fast executables and robust libraries
• C and C++ provide great flexibility in controlling low-
level aspects of how data is stored, how information
is passed, and how memory is managed
• The compiler technology has been highly optimized
(loop unrolling example)
• The greatest weakness of C++ is its complexity
 Python vs C++
• Interpreter versus Compiler
– Python
• Python code -> Python interpreter -> CPU (on the fly)
• Python is an example of an interpreted language

– C++
• C++ code -> Compiler -> Machine code (compile-time)
• Executable -> CPU (run-time)
• C++ is an example of a compiled language
• Faster execution / safer distribution
 first.cpp
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
/* This program inputs two numbers x and y and
outputs their sum */
int main( ) {
int x, y;
std::cout << "Please enter two numbers: ";
std::cin >> x >> y; // input x and y
int sum = x + y; // compute their sum
std::cout << "Their sum is " << sum << std::endl;
return EXIT_SUCCESS; // terminate successfully
}
 ‘using’ statement
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; // makes std:: available
// ...
cout << "Please enter two numbers: "; // (std:: is not
needed)
cin >> x >> y;
 Introduction to C++
• C++ Origins
– Low-level languages
• Machine, assembly (will be seen in CMPS 255)
– High-level languages
• C, C++, ADA, COBOL, FORTRAN
– Object-Oriented-Programming in C++
• C++ Terminology
– Programs and functions
– Basic Input/Output (I/O) with cin and cout

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 A Sample C++ Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int number;
cout << "Hello reader.\n"
<< "Welcome to C++.\n";
cout << "How many programming languages have you used? ";
cin >> number;
if (number < 1)
cout << "Read the preface. You may prefer\n"
<< "a more elementary book by the same author.\n";
else
cout << "Enjoy the book.\n";
return 0;
} Hello reader.
Welcome to C++.
How many programming languages have you used? 0
Read the preface. You may prefer
a more elementary book by the same author.

Hello reader.
Welcome to C++.
How many programming languages have you used? 1 1-13
Enjoy the book
 C++ Variables
• C++ Identifiers
– Keywords/reserved words vs. Identifiers
– Case-sensitivity and validity of identifiers
– Meaningful names!
– no limit to their length
• Variables : A memory location to store data for a program
– must be declared before it is used in program
– variable name : Any legal identifier, other than reserved word.
• int numberOfBeans;
• double oneWeight, totalWeight;
– Type such as int and double : tells the compiler what kind of
data you will be storing in the variable
• Some predefined words, such as cin and cout , are not keywords.
– they are defined in libraries required by the C++ language standard.
– Safest and easiest practice is to treat all predefined identifiers as keywords
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Data Types: Simple Types

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 Assigning Data
• Assigning data during execution
– Lvalues (left-side) & Rvalues (right-side)
• Example 1: distance = rate * time;
• Lvalues must be variables: distance
• Rvalues can be any expression: rate * time
• Example 2: count = count + 2;

• uninitialized variable will simply have some garbage value

– garbage value : pattern of zeros and ones was left in its memory location by
the last program that used that portion of memory.
– to avoid an uninitialized variable is to initialize variables when declared:
• int myValue = 0;
• double rate = 0.07, time, balance = 0.00;

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Assigning Data: Shorthand Notations

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 Data Assignment Rules
• Compatibility of Data Assignments
– Type mismatches: Cannot place value of one type into variable of another type
• Can cause problems because value must be changed to a value of appropriate type
int intVar;
intVar = 2.99; // 2 is assigned to intVar!
double doubleVar;
doubleVar = 2; // 2.0 is assigned to doubleVar
• Called "implicit" or "automatic type conversion"

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 Literal Data
• A literal is a name for one specific value. Literals are often called
constants
• Cannot change values during execution
• Called "literals" because you "literally typed“ them in your program!
 2 // Literal constant int
 5.75 // Literal constant double
 ‘Z’ // Literal constant char
 "Hello World" // Literal constant string
 3.67e17 // Literal constant int 3.67 *10^17
– exponent e means multiply by 10 to the power that follows

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Escape Sequences

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 Constants
• Naming your constants
– Literal constants are "OK", but provide little meaning
• e.g., seeing 24 in a program, tells nothing about what it represents

• Use named constants instead: Meaningful name to represent data

const int NUMBER_OF_STUDENTS = 24;
• Now use it’s name wherever needed in program
• value cannot be changed

– possible to declare more the one constant in one

const int BRANCH_COUNT = 10, WINDOW_COUNT = 10;

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 Arithmetic Operators: Named Constant
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ){
const double RATE = 6.9;
double deposit;
cout << "Enter the amount of your deposit $";
cin >> deposit;
double newBalance;
newBalance = deposit + deposit*(RATE/100);
cout << "In one year, that deposit will grow to\n"
<< "$" << newBalance << " an amount worth waiting for.\n";
return 0;
}

Enter the amount of your deposit $100

In one year, that deposit will grow to
$106.9 an amount worth waiting for.
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 Arithmetic Precision Examples
• 17 / 5 evaluates to 3 in C++!
– Both operands are integers, therefore integer division is performed!
• 17.0 / 5 equals 3.4 in C++!
– one operand is "double type“, Double "precision" division is performed!
• int intVar1 =1, intVar2=2;
intVar1 / intVar2;
– Performs integer division!
– Result: 0!

• Calculations done "one-by-one"

– 1 / 2 / 3.0 / 4 performs 3 separate divisions.
• First 1 / 2 equals 0
• Then 0 / 3.0 equals 0.0
• Then 0.0 / 4 equals 0.0! 1-23
 Type Casting
• static_cast<double> is like a function that takes an
argument of almost any type and returns an “equivalent” value of
type double
– static_cast<double>(m)
• Explicitly "casts" value of m to double type and returns it
– Example expression:
doubleVar = static_cast<double>intVar1 / intVar2;
• Casting forces double-precision division to take place among two integer
variables!
• Implicit or "Automatic“ casting
• 17 / 5.5 : This expression causes an "implicit type cast" to take place,
casting the 17  17.0
• Explicit type conversion
• (double)17 / 5.5 : Same as above, using explicit cast
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 Shorthand Operators
• Increment & Decrement Operators
– Just short-hand notation
– Increment operator, ++
intVar++; is equivalent to intVar = intVar + 1;
– Decrement operator, --
intVar--; is equivalent to intVar = intVar – 1;
• Post-Increment : intVar++
– Uses current value of variable, THEN increments it

• Pre-Increment : ++intVar
– Increments variable first, THEN uses new value

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 Post/Pre-Increment in Action
int n = 2, valueProduced;
valueProduced = 2 * (n++);
cout << valueProduced << endl;
cout << n << endl;

This code segment produces the output:

4
3
int n = 2, valueProduced;
valueProduced = 2 * (++n);
cout << valueProduced << endl;
cout << n << endl;

This code segment produces the output:

6
3
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 Console Input/Output
• I/O objects cin, cout, cerr
• Defined in the C++ library called <iostream>
• Must have these lines (called pre-processor directives) near start of
file:
– #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
– Tells C++ to use appropriate library so we can use the I/O objects cin, cout,
cerr

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 1-27

 Console Output
• What can be outputted?
– Any data can be outputted to display screen
• Variables, Constants, Literals
• Expressions (which can include all of above)
cout << numberOfGames;
cout << " games played.";

– Cascading: multiple values in one cout

cout << numberOfGames << " games played.";

• 2 values are outputted:

"value" of variable numberOfGames,
literal string " games played."

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 1-28

 Separating Lines of Output
• New lines in output
– Recall: "\n" is escape sequence for the char "newline"
• A second method: object endl
Examples:
cout << "Hello World\n";
• Sends string "Hello World" to display, & escape sequence "\n", skipping to next
line
cout << "Hello World" << endl;
• Same result as above

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 String type
• C++ has a data type of “string” to store sequences of characters
– Not a primitive data type; distinction will be made later
– Must add #include <string> at the top of the program
string fruit1, fruit2 = "orange";
fruit1 = "apple";
string s= fruit1 + "," + fruit2;
– The “+” operator on strings concatenates two strings together
– cin >> str where str is a string only reads up to the first whitespace
character

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 1-30

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
Input/Output (1 of 2)
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
string dogName;
int actualAge;
int humanAge;
cout << "How many years old is your dog?" << endl;
cin >> actualAge;
humanAge = actualAge * 7;
cout << "What is your dog's name?" << endl;
cin >> dogName;
cout << dogName << "'s age is approximately " <<
"equivalent to a " << humanAge << " year old human."
<< endl;
return 0;
}

How many years old is your dog?

5
What is your dog's name?
Rex
Rex's age is approximately equivalent to a 35 year old human..
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#include <iostream>
#include <string>
Input/Output (2 of 2)
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
string dogName;
int actualAge;
int humanAge;
cout << "How many years old is your dog?" << endl;
cin >> actualAge;
humanAge = actualAge * 7;
cout << "What is your dog's name?" << endl;
cin >> dogName;
cout << dogName << "'s age is approximately " <<
"equivalent to a " << humanAge << " year old human."
<< endl;
return 0;
}

How many years old is your dog?

10
What is your dog's name?
Mr. Bojangles
Mr.'s age is approximately equivalent to a 70 year old human. 1-32
 Formatting Output
• Formatting numeric values for output
– Values may not display as you’d expect!
cout << "The price is $" << price << endl;
• If price (declared double) has value 78.5, you might get:
– The price is $78.500000 or:
– The price is $78.5
• We must explicitly tell C++ how to output numbers in our programs!
• "Magic Formula" to force decimal sizes:
cout.setf(ios::fixed);
cout.setf(ios::showpoint);
cout.precision(2);
– force all future cout’ed values to have exactly two digits after the decimal
– Example: cout << "The price is $" << price << endl;
• Now results in the following: The price is $78.50
• Can modify precision "as you go" as well!

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 1-33

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int number;
double price;
cout.setf(ios::fixed);
cout.setf(ios::showpoint);
cout.precision(2);
cout << "enter a number of items \n";
cin >> number;
cout << " Enter a unit price\n" ;
cin >> price;
cout << "nbr of tems * unit price :" << price * number
<< endl;
return 0;
}

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 Input Using cin
• cin for input, cout for output
• Differences:
– ">>" (extraction operator) points opposite
• Think of it as "pointing toward where the data goes"
– Object name "cin" used instead of "cout"
– No literals allowed for cin
• Must input "to a variable"
cin >> num;
– Waits on-screen for keyboard entry
– Value entered at keyboard is "assigned" to num
• Always "prompt" user for input
cout << "Enter number of dragons: ";
cin >> numOfDragons;
• Every cin should have cout prompt
– Maximizes user-friendly input/output

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 Program Style
• Bottom-line: Make programs easy to read and modify
• Comments, two methods:
– // Two slashes indicate entire line is to be ignored
– /*Delimiters indicates everything between is ignored*/
– Both methods commonly used

• Identifier naming
– ALL_CAPS for constants
– lowerToUpper for variables
– Most important: MEANINGFUL NAMES!

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 Libraries
• C++ Standard Libraries
• #include <Library_Name>
– Directive to "add" contents of library file to your program
– Called "preprocessor directive"
• Executes before compiler, and simply "copies“ library file into your
program file

• C++ has many libraries

– Input/output, math, strings, etc.

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 1-37

 Namespaces
• Namespace is a collection of name definitions
• For now: interested in namespace "std"
– All standard libraries we will be using are defined in the std
• Examples: #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
• Includes entire standard library of name definitions
• make only some names in a namespace available to your program,
#include <iostream>
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
• Can specify just the objects we want

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