Unix Operating System Structure

 OS mediates between the user and the computer

User

Application Programs

Shell
Kernel

Hardware
 Overview in file system

Topics:-

Definition of file system

Default directories in file system

Structure of file system

Use of each directory

 Default directories in file system
/bin

/sbin

/usr

/var

/etc

/dev

/opt

/tmp

/lib

/home
Example Directory Structure

root (/)

bin dev lib home sbin tmp usr var

etc

jack jill

Bats marsupials
continents oceans

bandicoot opossum kangaroo wombat

wombat
 Typical Directories

 bin: Software for the shell and most common Unix commands. Ex:-cat,who

 dev: Short for devices, holds the software necessary to operate peripherals such
as printers and terminals. Ex:-lp,hd

 etc: Contains various administrative files such as lists of user names and
passwords.
Ex:-/etc/passwd,/etc/shadow

 home: Contains the home directories of users.

 tmp: A directory used to hold temporary files.

 var: Files that contain information that varies frequently; most commonly, mail
directories.
Ex:-/var/adm/spool
 /usr:-this is where the manual pages are stored. There are
separate sub-directories here (like man1,man2,etc)
that contain the pages
For ex the man page of ls can be found in
/usr/share/man/man1

/sbin: -this is where the administrator commands are stored

Ex:-useradd,format

/lib:- contains all library files in library form. You need to link
your c programs with files in these directories
Working with files and
directories
 File and Directory Names

 Valid names can be made up of:

 Uppercase letters (A to Z)
 Lower case letters (a to z)
 Numbers (0 to 9)
 period (.), underscore (_), commas (,).

 Should not contain spaces or the following:

 &*\|[]{}$<>()#?‘“/;^!~%
 You should also avoid naming files or directories with Unix
commands.
 Pathnames

Types of path names

•Absolute Path

•Relative path
Absolute Pathnames

 To use a file in Unix, all you need is its name.

 To access a file in another directory, you need to know its pathname.
 A pathname is an address that shows the file’s position in the file system.
 Absolute path names give a files location in relation to the top of the file
system structure.
 All absolute path names begin with a /.
 Also called full path names.
 Use the ~ as a shortcut for the full path to a home directory.
Relative path names

 Usually you are interested in a files location relative

to where you currently are in the system.
 A relative pathnames start at the working directory
rather than the root.
 Use the .. to refer to the parent of the current
directory.
 Creating a directory
$mkdir <dir name>

$mkdir dir1 dir2 dir3 => creating multiple directories

$mkdir –p a1/a2/a3/a4 => creating multi level directories

Deleting directories
$rmdir <dir name> => If the dir is empty this command is
applicable

$rm <options> <dir name> =>If the dir is not empty this
command is applicable.
-i => Interactively
-r => Recursively
-f => forcefully
 Creating files:-

files can be created by three methods

Using cat command

Using touch command
Using vi command

Creating a file using cat command:-

$cat > F.N

Opening a file using cat command:-

$cat < F.N
or
$cat F.N
Creating file using touch command:-
$touch F.N

Creating multiple files using touch command:-

$touch m1 m2 m3 m4 m5

Note:If you create a file with touch an empty file will be created.

Removing files:-
$rm <F.N>

Removing multiple files:-

$rm m1 m2 m3 m4 m5
 Renaming files and directories

$mv <source file> <target file>

Ex:- $mv text text1

From the above example the file name text
changes to text1,same scenario is applicable to dir also

Copying files and directories

$cp <source file> <target file>

Ex:- $cp f1 d1
From the above example the file f1 is transferred i.e
copied to dir d1
I/O Redirection

 Most commands output to the screen

ls

 Output can be redirected to a file with‘>‘:

ls > dir.txt
cal 1997 > year1997

 Output can be appended to a file with ‘>>‘

cal 1997 > years
cal 1998 >> years
 Concatenate two files:
cat f1 f2 > fs

 Input redirection (less common) uses ‘<‘

wc < years

 Combine input and output redirection:

wc < years > year-counts
Unix file
permissions
Unix file security

 Each file has owner and group

 Permissions set by owner
 Read, write, execute
 Owner, group, other
 Represented by vector of four octal values
 Only owner, root can change permissions
 This privilege cannot be delegated or shared
 File system security (access rights)

-rwxrwxrwx a file that everyone can read, write and execute

(and delete).

-rw------- a file that only the owner can read and write - no-
one else can read or write and no-one has
execution rights (e.g. your mailbox file).
 Unix File Permissions

 File type, owner, group, others

drwx------ 2 jjoshi isfac 512 Aug 20 2003 risk management
lrwxrwxrwx 1 jjoshi isfac 15 Apr 7 09:11 risk_m->risk
management
-rw-r--r-- 1 jjoshi isfac 1754 Mar 8 18:11 words05.ps
-r-sr-xr-x 1 root bin 9176 Apr 6 2002 /usr/bin/rs
-r-sr-sr-x 1 root sys 2196 Apr 6 2002 /usr/bin/passwd

 File type: regular -, directory d, symlink l, device b/c, socket s,

fifo f/p
 Permission: r, w, x, s or S (set.id), t (sticky)
FAP

 Commands used to assign Permissions:-

chmod :- After creating files/dir we can modify permissions.

umask :- Before creating files/dir we can decide the permissions

mkdir -m :- At the time of creating dir we can assign

permissions.
FAP

 In FAP we can use two types:-

NUMERICAL MODE
SYMBOLIC MODE
. In Numerical mode we will use:-
read-r-4
write-w-2
execute-x-1
Syntax:- $chmod <perm> <file/dir>
Example:- $chmod 750 prince
FAP

 Max permissions for a dir 777

 Max permissions for a file 666
SYMBOLIC MODE:-
In this we don’t use numerical values
owner – u
group – g
others – o
+ for adding permissions
- for removing permissions
Basic general unix commands
Basic Commands(1)

ls list files and directories

o ls –a list all files and directories
o mkdir make a directory
o cd directory change to named directory
o cd change to home-directory
o cd ~ change to home-directory
o cd .. change to parent
directory
o pwd display current dir path
Basic Commands(2)

 cp file1 file2 copy file1 and call it file2

 mv file1 file2 move or rename file1 to file2
 rm file remove a file
 rmdir directory remove a directory
 cat file display a file
 more file display a file a page at a time
 who list users currently logged in

 * match any number of characters

 ? match one character
 man command read the online manual page for a command
Basic Commands(3)

 command > file redirect standard output to a file

 command >> file append standard output to a file
 command < file redirect standard input from a file
 grep 'keyword' file search a file for keywords
% grep science science.txt
 wc file count number of lines/words/characters in file
% wc -w science.txt
 sort sort data (numerically or alphabetically)
Ex:
to sort the list of object, type
% sort < biglist
and the sorted list will be output to the screen.
 Process

Topics:-

Definition of process

Types of process

Commands related to process

 Definition of process

Process is an instance of a running program

A process is said to be born when the program

starts execution and remains alive as long as
the program is active
 Types of process

Foreground:-Commands that is running on the terminal

and the process that is assigned for them,those are known

as Foreground process
 Background process:-
Some processes take a long time to run and hold up the terminal.

Backgrounding a long process has the effect that the UNIX prompt is

returned immediately, and other tasks can be carried out while the

Original process continues executing.

 Commands related to process
$ ps –x

$ ps –ef => Shows all the process running in the system

How to send a process to back ground?

Ex:- sort –nr f* &

Just specify & before after the command it goes to back ground

How to kill a process?

$kill -9 <PID>
Vi Editor

 Brief History

 Vi was originally written by Bill Joy in 1976.

 The source code of 'ed' and 'em' was merged and modified by
Bill to create Vi
Vi Editor

 What is Vi ??

 Vi is a screen based editor.

 The screen of your terminal will act as a window into the file
you are editing.
 Most commands to Vi move the cursor around the file.
Vi Editor

 Starting the Vi editor

 Vi lets you create new files or edit existing files.

 Command to start Vi : vi

 Opening an existing file

vi filename

 Creating a new file

vi filename
Vi Editor

 Exiting the Vi editor

 :q :- Quit the editor

 :q! :- Quit the editor without saving the
changes to the file.
 ZZ :- The editing buffer is written to the file only if
any changes were made.
 :wq :- Same effect as ZZ
Vi Editor

 Modes of Operation

 Command Mode
Allows the entry of commands to manipulate text
Commands are usually one or two characters long

 Insert Mode
Puts anything you type on the keyboard into the current file
Vi Editor

 Vi starts in command mode by default

 Most commonly used commands to get into insert mode are a

and i

 Once in insert mode, you get out of it by hitting the Esc key
Vi Editor

 Some simple Vi Commands

 a
Enter insert mode; the characters typed will be inserted after the
current cursor position. If a count is specified, then the inserted text will
be repeated that many times
 i
Enter insert mode, the characters typed will be inserted before the
current cursor position. If a count is specified, the inserted text will be
repeated that many times
 x
Delete character under the cursor. Count specifies how many characters
to delete
Vi Editor

 Some simple Vi Commands

 r
replace one character under the cursor. Specify count to replace
that many characters.

 R
Starting from the current cursor position, replace the characters
with the one typed on the keyboard

 u
undo the last change to the file
Vi Editor

 Some simple Vi Commands

 h
Move the cursor to the left one character position

 l
Move the cursor to the right one character position

 j
Move the cursor down one line

 k
Move the cursor up one line
Vi Editor

 Cutting text
 d^
Deletes from current cursor position to the
beginning of the line
 d$
Deletes from current cursor position to the
end of the line
 dw
Deletes from current cursor position to the
end of the word
 dd
Deletes one line from current cursor position. Specify
count to delete many lines.
Vi Editor

 Yanking and Pasting

 yl
yank a single character. Specify count to yank more
characters
 yw
yank a single word. Specify count to yank more words
 yy
yank a single line. Specify count to yank more
lines
 p
paste the text that was either deleted or yanked
previously
Vi Editor

 To go to a specific line in the file

:linenumber

 String Search
 /[pattern] : search forward for the pattern
 ?[pattern] : search backward for the pattern
FILTERS

 Filter is a command or programme which takes input from the

standard input file and gives output to standard files.
Filters are Classified into two categories:-
1. SIMPLE:-
more less pg sort
cut tr uniq head tail
2. ADVANCED:-
grep sed awk
 Topics :-
 Definition of shell
 Features of shell
 Activities of shell
 Major types of shell
 Definition of shell

shell is a command interpreter and it is actually

interface between user and Kernel

 Features of shell

> Redirect output

< Redirect input

>> Append to file

& Run process in back ground

echo Displays output

fg Foreground execution
 Activities of shell

The following activities performed by shell

The shell issues the prompt and waits for you to enter a
command.

After a command is entered,the shell the command line to

recreate a simplified command line.

It the passes on the command line to the kernel for execution.

The shell waits for the command to complete and normally can’t
do any work while the command is running.

After command execution is complete ,the prompt reappears and

the shell returns to its waiting role to start the next cycle.You are
now free to enter the command