WELCOME

THE ADVANCED
SENSORS IN
MODERN
AUTOMOBILES
 GROUP MEMBERS

201818140 – LT IMRUL KAYESH ARU

201818141 – LT ANIKA EASMIN
201818142 – LT KHAN SHAHARIA RIDDHA
201818144 – LT NAYEEM YOUSUF OHI
 AIM

To orient you about various sensors and their functions used

in automobiles
 SCOPE
 Introduction  Disadvantages
 Types of Sensors  Challenges
 Brief Description of about  Future Trends
the Sensors  Conclusion
 Advantages
 SENSOR
A sensor is an object
whose function is to
detect changes in its
environment and then
provide a corresponding
output. The output can be
of various types e.g.
electrical, optical etc.
TYPES OF SENSORS IN AUTOMOBILES
 Temperature sensor  Speed sensor
 Pressure sensor  Image sensor
 Engine speed sensor  Radar sensor
 Oxygen sensor  LiDAR sensor
 Knock sensor  Ultrasonic sensor
 Throttle position sensor  Inertial Measurement
 Voltage sensor Unit
 TEMPERATURE SENSORS
 Controls the engine temperature to
prevent overheating
 Improves engine performance
 Controls the engine oil temperature by
operating oil pump and oil cooler
 Operates air conditioning system
according to the outside air temperature
 Helps to adjust ignition timing and air-fuel
mixture ratio
 TEMPERATURE SENSORS

• Coolant temperature sensor

• Intake air temperature sensor
• Engine oil temperature sensor
• Transmission fluid temperature sensor
• Ambient air temperature sensor
• Exhaust gas temperature sensor
 PRESSURE SENSORS

 Constantly monitors pressure at

various parts of the vehicle
 Ensures better handling and
efficiency
 Alerts the driver if there is any
problem regarding pressure
 PRESSURE SENSORS
 Engine oil pressure  Tire pressure sensor
sensor  Airbag pressure sensor
 Fuel pressure sensor  Brake pressure sensor
 Intake manifold pressure  Differential pressure
sensor sensor
 Turbocharger boost  Exhaust gas pressure
pressure sensor sensor
 STEERING ANGLE SENSOR

A steering angle sensor (SAS) is a

critical component in modern vehicles
that measures the steering wheel's
position and rotation rate. This
information is essential for various
electronic systems, including
electronic stability control (ESC), anti-
lock brake systems (ABS), and adaptive
cruise control (ACC)
 AIR BAG SENSOR
An airbag sensor is a crucial
component of the airbag system in
vehicles, responsible for detecting
collisions and triggering the
deployment of airbags to protect
occupants during a crash. These
sensors are designed to react quickly
and accurately to sudden
decelerations or impacts, ensuring
timely airbag deployment.
 PASSIVE WHEEL SPEED SENSOR

A passive wheel speed sensor is a

type of sensor used in vehicles to
measure the rotational speed of each
wheel. It is a crucial component of
various electronic systems, including
anti-lock brake systems (ABS),
traction control systems (TCS), and
electronic stability control (ESC)
 PASSIVE WHEEL SPEED SENSOR
A passive WSS utilizes a magnetic field to
generate an alternating current (AC) signal
proportional to the wheel's rotational speed.
It consists of a permanent magnet and a coil
of wire positioned near a toothed reluctor
ring attached to the rotating axle or wheel
hub. As the teeth of the reluctor ring pass by
the sensor, they disrupt the magnetic field,
inducing an AC voltage in the coil. The
frequency of this AC signal corresponds to
the wheel's rotational speed
 ACCELERATOR PEDAL POSITION SENSOR
 It is a crucial component in modern vehicles
that measures the position and movement
of the accelerator pedal. It provides
essential information to the vehicle's ECU
basing on the driver's acceleration input.
 It is typically located near the accelerator
pedal assembly and consists of a sensor
element and an electrical connector. The
sensor element converts the mechanical
movement of the pedal into an electrical
signal, which is then transmitted to the ECU.
 BRAKE PEDAL SENSOR
A brake pedal sensor, also known as a brake
pedal position sensor (BPPS), is an essential
component in modern vehicles that
monitors the position and movement of the
brake pedal. It provides crucial information
to various electronic systems, including the
anti-lock brake system (ABS), electronic
stability control (ESC), and adaptive cruise
control (ACC).
 BLIND SPOT MONITORING SENSOR
 A blind spot sensor is a safety feature in
modern vehicles that detects vehicles or
objects in the driver's blind spots, the
areas to the sides of the vehicle that are
not visible in the rearview or side mirrors.
These sensors help prevent collisions by
alerting the driver to the presence of other
vehicles or objects in these blind spots
 There are two types of blind spot sensors,
namely radar-based sensor and ultrasonic
sensor
ADAPTIVE HEADLIGHT SENSOR
 ADAPTIVE HEADLIGHT SENSOR
An adaptive headlight sensor is a component
of an adaptive headlight system, which
automatically adjusts the headlight beams to
provide optimal illumination based on
various factors such as vehicle speed,
steering angle, and road conditions. These
sensors play a crucial role in enhancing
visibility and safety during nighttime driving.
There are 2 types of adaptive headlight
sensor e.g. steering angle sensor and vehicle
speed sensor
 ADAPTIVE HEADLIGHT SENSOR

Steering angle sensor monitors the steering

wheel's position and rotation rate, providing
information about the vehicle's turning
direction. This data is used to adjust the
headlight beams to illuminate the road
ahead in the direction of the turn
 ADAPTIVE HEADLIGHT SENSOR

Vehicle speed sensor measures the vehicle's

speed, which is used to adjust the headlight
beams' angle and intensity. At higher speeds,
the beams are raised and widened to
provide a longer and broader view of the
road. At lower speeds, the beams are
lowered and narrowed to focus on the
immediate surroundings and avoid blinding
oncoming drivers
 THROTTLE POSITION SENSOR
 A throttle position sensor is a crucial component in
modern vehicles that measures the position of the
throttle valve, which controls the amount of air
entering the engine. This information is essential for
the ECU to regulate fuel injection, ignition timing,
and other engine parameters to optimize
performance and fuel efficiency
 It is typically mounted on the throttle body, which is
the housing that contains the throttle valve. There
are two primary types of throttle position sensor
e.g. Potentiometer type and Non-contact type
 RAIN SENSOR
 A rain sensor is an automotive component that
detects the presence of rain on the windshield
and automatically activates the windshield
wipers. This feature enhances driver
convenience and safety by eliminating the
need to manually operate the wipers
 Rain sensors are typically mounted on the
windshield, either behind the rearview mirror
or within the area covered by the wiper
blades. There are two primary types of rain
sensors e.g. Optical rain sensor and Capacitive
rain sensor
 MOTION SENSORS
• Detects the changes in speed and
movement, allowing the car to
respond quickly to potential hazards

• Triggers the brakes to prevent

collisions detecting sudden changes
in speed or unexpected obstacles

• Gives lane departure warnings

• Keeps drivers and passengers safe on

the road
 NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
 Global Positioning System
uses a network of satellites
to determine the car's
location

 Radar uses radio waves to

detect obstacles and other
vehicles on the road
 NAVIGATION SYSTEMS

Combining these two

technologies, navigation
systems can provide real-time
updates on traffic conditions
and suggest alternate routes
if necessary
 COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS
 Collision avoidance system is an essential
safety feature in modern automobiles
 It uses sensors such as cameras and radar
to detect obstacles and prevent
accidents.
 These sensors work by constantly
monitoring the environment around the
vehicle and alerting the driver if there is a
potential collision risk.
 Some systems even have the ability to
automatically apply the brakes or adjust
the steering to avoid a collision
 PARKING ASSIST SYSTEMS
 Modern parking assist systems
use a variety of sensors to detect
obstacles and guide the driver
into a parking spot with ease
 These sensors can include
ultrasonic sensors, cameras, and
radar sensors that work together
to create a complete picture of
the vehicle's surroundings.
 PARKING ASSIST SYSTEMS
 Once the sensors detect an obstacle,
they send signals to the car's computer
system, which then provides visual or
audible cues to the driver
 Some parking assist systems even take
control of the steering wheel and guide
the car into the parking spot on its own
 This technology not only makes
parking easier but also helps prevent
accidents and reduces the risk of
damage to the vehicle
 DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS
 Features like adaptive cruise control and
lane departure warnings are becoming more
common modern automobiles
 Adaptive cruise control uses sensors to
maintain a safe distance from the vehicle in
front of it
 Lane departure warnings use sensors to
detect when the car is drifting out of its lane
 These systems can help improve safety on
the road and reduce driver fatigue by taking
some of the burden off the driver
 AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES
 Autonomous vehicles are the future of
transportation, and sensors play a
crucial role in making this technology
safe and reliable.
 These vehicles use a combination of
cameras, radar, and LiDAR sensors to
detect obstacles and guide the vehicle.
 The cameras provide visual information
about the surroundings
 Radar and LiDAR sensors use radio
waves and lasers to create a detailed 3D
map of the environment.
ADVANTAGES
OF
SENSORS
 FUEL EFFICIENCY
 Sensors play a crucial role in improving fuel efficiency in
modern automobiles.
 By monitoring engine performance and adjusting fuel
injection accordingly, sensors can help ensure that the
engine is running at optimal efficiency.
 For example, oxygen sensors can be used to detect the
amount of oxygen in the exhaust gases, which can
indicate whether the engine is running too rich (too
much fuel) or too lean (too little fuel).
 This information can then be used to adjust the fuel
injection system to maintain the proper air-to-fuel ratio
for optimal combustion.
 SAFETY
 Sensors can be used to detect hazards
that drivers may not be able to see, such
as other vehicles, pedestrians etc. and
warn the driver or even take corrective
action on its own
 Sensors can be used to monitor the
performance of the vehicle, such as
engine speed, wheel speed, and brake
pressure to identify potential problems
before they cause an accident
 SAFETY
 Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS) use sensors to
detect when a wheel is locking up and prevent it
from doing so, which helps to maintain control
of the vehicle during braking.
 Sensors can be used to provide feedback to the
driver, such as the blind spot monitoring system
that warns the driver when there is a vehicle in
their blind spot.
 Other safety features that rely on sensors
include airbags, lane departure warning systems
etc
 REDUCED EMISSIONS
 NOx sensor monitors the amount of nitrogen
oxides in the exhaust. It help to reduce NOx
emissions by providing feedback to the ECU
 Particulate matter sensor monitors the
amount of particulate matter in the exhaust.
Particulate matter sensors help to reduce
particulate matter emissions by providing
feedback to adjust the engine's operation to
reduce particulate matter production.
 COMFORT & CONVENIENCE
Automatic climate control
system use sensors to monitor the
temperature inside the vehicle
and adjust the climate control
system accordingly. This helps to
ensure that the cabin is always at
a comfortable temperature,
regardless of the outside weather
conditions
 COMFORT & CONVENIENCE
 Seat position sensors can remember the driver's
preferred seat position and automatically adjust the
seat to that position when the driver enters the
vehicle.
 Ambient light sensors can automatically adjust the
brightness of the dashboard and other interior lights
to match the ambient light conditions. This helps to
reduce glare and improve visibility for the driver.
 Sensors are used to adjust the suspension to provide
a more comfortable ride
DISADVANTAGES
OF
SENSORS
 MAINTENANCE
 Sensors require regular maintenance to
ensure their continued operation and
accuracy.
 Sensors can fail for a variety of reasons,
including wear and tear, exposure to
extreme temperatures, and electrical
problems. When a sensor fails, it can
cause the car to malfunction or even
break down completely.
 RELIABILITY ISSUES
One of the main reliability issues
associated with using sensors in
modern automobiles is false alarms.
False alarms occur when a sensor
detects an issue that does not actually
exist, leading to unnecessary repairs
and maintenance. This can be
frustrating for drivers and can also lead
to increased costs over time.
 COSTS
 The cost of adding sensors to a
vehicle during the manufacturing
process can increase quickly,
especially for more advanced sensor
technologies such as LiDAR or 3D
imaging.
 Additionally, if a sensor fails or
malfunctions, the cost of repair or
replacement can be high.
 COSTS
 However, it is important to balance
these costs against the benefits that
sensors provide. For example, sensors
can improve safety by detecting
obstacles and alerting drivers to
potential dangers.
 Ultimately, the benefits of sensor
technology may outweigh the initial
costs, especially as the technology
becomes more widespread and prices
begin to decrease.
 DATA PRIVACY
 As more and more sensors are integrated
into vehicles, there is a growing concern
about who has access to this data and how
it is being used. For example, some people
may be uncomfortable with the idea of their
driving habits being tracked and analyzed by
car manufacturers or insurance companies.
 Additionally, there is a risk that this data
could be hacked or stolen, potentially
leading to identity theft or other types of
fraud.
CONCLUSION
?