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Linux Boot Processes

The Linux booting process involves 6 key stages: 1) BIOS performs hardware checks and loads the MBR, 2) MBR loads the bootloader GRUB, 3) GRUB loads and initializes the Linux kernel, 4) The kernel initializes drivers and mounts the filesystem, 5) Systemd or Init starts essential system processes and services, 6) The system enters the target runlevel and makes the OS ready for user interaction.

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32 views

Linux Boot Processes

The Linux booting process involves 6 key stages: 1) BIOS performs hardware checks and loads the MBR, 2) MBR loads the bootloader GRUB, 3) GRUB loads and initializes the Linux kernel, 4) The kernel initializes drivers and mounts the filesystem, 5) Systemd or Init starts essential system processes and services, 6) The system enters the target runlevel and makes the OS ready for user interaction.

Uploaded by

Riyas Mohamed
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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In Linux, there are 6 distinct stages in the typical booting process

1. BIOS
2. MBR
3. GRUB
4. Kernel
5. Init
6. Runlevel
1. BIOS(Basic I/O System)
• Basic I/O System.
• First program that executed which is stored in read-only memory on
motherboard of computer.
• Perform POST (Power-on self-test) verify the hardware components
and peripheral to ensure if computers in working condition.
• Check for bootable device like pen drive, hard disk etc.
• Handover controle to first sector of device i.e. MBR
2. MBR(Master Boot Record)
• 512 bytes, first sector of any bootable device contains machine code
instruction to boot a machine and having following info
 Boot loader(446 bytes)
 Partition tables(64 bytes)
 Error caching (2 bytes)
• It will load boot loader into the memory and handover to it.
3. GRUB (GRand Unified Bootloader)
• Load /boot/grub/grub.cfg at boot time
• At this stage, User will be able to see GUI asking different OS or kernels
configured to boot.
• Once you selected the kernel, it locates the corresponding kernel binary
/boot/vmlinuz-<kernal-version>
• Main job is to load kernel and initrd/initramfs image into memory
• Once load kernel in RAM, it passes control to it
• In RHEL7 Default boot loader is GRUB2
• In Ubuntu22 Default boot loader is GRUB
• GRUB IS FOR x86 architecture, it could be different for others architecture like
Intel
KERNEL
• First Kernal is loaded into read-only mode.
• Initramfs/initrd gets decompressed and then it first loads temperory
file system.
• Initrd then detects and load the drivers from temperory file system to
load actual file system.
• Mount other partition like LVM,RAID etc unmount itself.
• Once main filesystem is mounted, kernel initialize the first process
init/SystemD
You can find this images under /boot folder.
6. SYSTEMD/Init
• It manages services and system initialization using unit files
• First services loaded with process ID 1
• Start all required processes
• /etc/systemd/system/default.target
• To bring the system to the run-level/targets
6. Runlevel
1.User Space: Once the init or systemd process is running, it launches
user-space programs and services, including system daemons and the
graphical user interface (if applicable).
2.Login: On systems with a graphical user interface, you'll see a login
screen. After successful login, the desktop environment is loaded. On
server systems, you might access the system through a terminal.
3.User Interaction: Finally, you can interact with the Linux system
through the GUI or command line, running applications and
performing tasks.

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