Introduction to DBMS

Purpose of Database Systems

View of Data
Data Models
Data Definition Language
Data Manipulation Language
Transaction Management
Storage Management
Database Administrator
Database Users
Overall System Structure

1 Introduction
 Database Management System (DMBS)

Collection of interrelated data

Set of programs to access the data
DMBS contains information about a particular
enterprise
DBMS provides an environment that it both
convenient and efficient to use

2 Introduction Dr.K.K
 Purpose of Database Systems
Database management systems were developed to
handle the following difficulties of typical file-
processing systems supported by conventional
operating systems:
 Data redundancy and inconsistency
 Difficulty in accessing data
 Data isolation – multiple files and formats
 Integrity problems
 Atomicity of updates
 Concurrent access by multiple users
 Security problems

3 Introduction Dr.K.K
 View of Data
An architecture for a database system

View level

View 1 View 2 … View n

Logical
level

Physical
level

4 Introduction Dr.K.K
 Levels of Abstraction
Physical level: describes how a record (e.g.
customer) is stored.
Logical level: describes data stored in database,
and the relationships among the data.
type customer = record
name: string;
street: string;
city: integer;
end;
View level: application programs hide details of
data types. Views can also hide information (e.g.
salary) for security purposes.

5 Introduction Dr.K.K
 Instances and Schemas
Similar to types and variables in programming
languages
Schema – the logical structure of the database (e.g., set
of customers and accounts and the relationship
between them)
Instance – the actual content of the database at a
particular point in time

6 Introduction Dr.K.K
 Data Independence
Ability to modify a schema definition in one level
without affecting a schema definition in the other
levels.
The interfaces between the various levels and
components should be well defined so that changes in
some parts do not seriously influence others.
Two levels of data independence
 Physical data independence
 Logical data independence

7 Introduction Dr.K.K
 Data Models
A collection of tools for describing:
 Data
 Data relationships
 Data semantics
 Data constraints
Object-based logical models
 Entity-relationship model
 Object-oriented model
 Semantic model
 Functional model
Record-based logical models
 Relational model (e.g., SQL/DS, DB2)
 Network model
 Hierarchical model (e.g., IMS)

8 Introduction Dr.K.K
 Entity-Relationship Model
Example of entity-relationship model

social-security customer-street
account-number
customer-name customer-city balance

customer depositor account

9 Introduction Dr.K.K
 Relational Model
Example of tabular data in the relational model:
name ssn street city account-number
Johnson 192-83-7465 Alma Palo Alto A-101
Smith 019-28-3746 North Rye A-215
Johnson 192-83-7465 Alma Palo Alto A-201
Jones 321-12-3123 Main Harrison A-217
Smith 019-28-3746 North Rye A-201

account-number balance
A-101 500
A-201 900
A-215 700
A-217 750

10 Introduction Dr.K.K
 Data Definition Language (DDL)
Specification notation for defining the database
schema
DDL compiler generates a set of tables stored in a
data dictionary
Data dictionary contains metadata (data about
data)
Data storage and definition language – special type
of DDL in which the storage structure and access
methods used by the database system are specified

11 Introduction Dr.K.K
 Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Language for accessing and manipulating the data
organized by the appropriate data model
Two classes of languages
Procedural – user specifies what data is required and
how to get those data
Nonprocedural – user specifies what data is required
without specifying how to get those data

12 Introduction Dr.K.K
 Transaction Management
A transaction is a collection of operations that
performs a single logical function in a database
application.
Transaction-management component ensures that
the database remains in a consistent (correct) state
despite system failures (e.g. power failures and
operating system crashes) and transaction failures.
Concurrency-control manager controls the
interaction among the concurrent transactions, to
ensure the consistency of the database.

13 Introduction Dr.K.K
 Storage Management
A storage manager is a program module that
provides the interface between the low-level data
stored in the database and the application programs
and queries submitted to the system.
The storage manager is responsible for the
following tasks:
Interaction with the file manager
Efficient storing, retrieving, and updating of data

14 Introduction Dr.K.K
 Database Administrator
 Coordinates all the activities of the database system; the
database administrator has a good understanding of the
enterprise’s information resources and needs:
 Database administrator’s duties include:
 Schema definition
 Storage structure and access method definition
 Schema and physical organization modification
 Granting user authority to access the database
 Specifying integrity constraints
 Acting as liaison with users
 Monitoring performance and responding to changes in requirements

15 Introduction Dr.K.K
 Database Users
Users are differentiated by the way they expect to
interact with the system.
Application programmers: interact with system
through DML calls.
Specialized users: write specialized database
applications that do not fit into the traditional data
processing framework
Sophisticated users: form requests in a database
query language.
Naive users: invoke one of the permanent
application programs that have been written
previously

16 Introduction Dr.K.K
 Overall System Structure
naïve users application sophisticated database users
(tellers, agents, etc) programmers users administrator

application Application query database

interface program scheme

Embedded DML DDL query

DML compiler interpreter processor
precompiler
application database-
program management
object code query evaluation system
engine

storage
transaction buffer manager manager
manager

File manager

indices Statistical data disk storage

Data files Data dictionary

17 Introduction Dr.K.K