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Levels of Measurement in Research Methodology

The document discusses the four main levels of measurement in research methodology: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Nominal variables represent categorical data without order, like gender. Ordinal variables also represent categories but have a natural order or ranking, like Likert scale responses. Interval variables are quantitative with equal intervals between points but no true zero, like temperature. Ratio variables are also quantitative but have a true zero point indicating absence of the variable, like height or income. Understanding these levels of measurement is important for researchers to select appropriate statistical analyses and interpret data correctly.

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Kovid Aggarwal
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40 views18 pages

Levels of Measurement in Research Methodology

The document discusses the four main levels of measurement in research methodology: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Nominal variables represent categorical data without order, like gender. Ordinal variables also represent categories but have a natural order or ranking, like Likert scale responses. Interval variables are quantitative with equal intervals between points but no true zero, like temperature. Ratio variables are also quantitative but have a true zero point indicating absence of the variable, like height or income. Understanding these levels of measurement is important for researchers to select appropriate statistical analyses and interpret data correctly.

Uploaded by

Kovid Aggarwal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Levels of Measurement in

Research Methodology
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio

By: Banipreet Singh

Roll No. 23-303

Date: 20 th Feb 2024


Agenda

 Nominal

 Ordinal

 Interval

 Ratio

SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 2


Introduction
• Research methodology involves the systematic process of designing,
conducting, and analyzing research studies.

• An essential aspect of research methodology is understanding the levels of


measurement, which classify variables into distinct types based on their
properties.

• This presentation will explore the four main levels of measurement: nominal,
ordinal, interval, and ratio..

3
Nominal
Variables

Categorical Data

4
Nominal

 Nominal variables are categorical variables where data is organized into


categories that have no inherent order or ranking. They simply represent
different groups or labels. Nominal data is qualitative in nature and is
often used to classify or categorize information.

5
Characteristics
 No inherent order: The categories of nominal variables cannot be arranged in a meaningful
sequence.

 Qualitative in nature: Nominal variables do not have numerical values but rather represent
labels or names for categories.

 Examples:

 Gender: Male, Female

 Marital Status: Single, Married, Divorced

 Types of Cars: Sedan, SUV, Truck

6
Ordinal Variables

Categorical Data

7
Ordinal

 Ordinal variables also represent categories, but unlike nominal variables,


these categories have a natural order or ranking. The differences between
categories are not necessarily equal or quantifiable. Ordinal data is often
collected through survey responses that involve ranking or rating.

8
Characteristics
 Order/Rank: The categories of ordinal variables have a meaningful order or ranking.

 Unequal intervals: The differences between categories may not be equal or


quantifiable.

 Examples:

 Educational Level: High School, Bachelor's Degree, Master's Degree, Ph.D.

 Likert Scale Responses: Strongly Agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree, Strongly


Disagree

 Socioeconomic Status: Low, Middle, High

9
Interval Variables

Numerical Data

10
Interval

 Interval variables are quantitative variables where the intervals between


consecutive points on the scale are equal. However, these variables do not
have a true zero point, meaning zero does not indicate the absence of the
variable being measured. Interval data is often used in measuring time,
temperature, or calendar dates.

11
Characteristics
 Equal intervals: The differences between consecutive points on the scale are
equal.

 No true zero point: The zero point on the scale is arbitrary and does not
represent the absence of the variable.

 Examples:

 Temperature (Celsius or Fahrenheit)

 Calendar Dates

 IQ Scores
12
Ratio Variables

Numerical Data

13
Ratio

 Ratio variables are quantitative variables similar to interval variables, but


they have a true zero point, indicating the absence of the variable being
measured. Ratio data allows for meaningful mathematical operations such
as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Common examples
include measurements of height, weight, time, and income.

14
Characteristics
 Equal intervals: Like interval variables, the differences between consecutive points on
the scale are equal.

 True zero point: Zero on the scale represents the absence of the variable being measured.

 Examples:

 Height

 Weight

 Time

 Income

15
Table
This table helps in understanding the distinctions between the different levels of measurement, aiding researchers in
selecting appropriate statistical techniques and interpreting data accurately.

16
Summary

17
Thank you

18

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