RANDOM
VARIABLES
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RANDOM VARIABLE
Is a variable whose values depend on the outcomes
of an experiment. It is a function that maps the
outcome of an experiment to real numbers. A
random variable is usually denoted by an
uppercase letter of the English alphabet and its
possible values are denoted with the corresponding
lower case.
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As an example, consider the experiment of tossing three coins at the same
time, and let X denote the number of heads (H) that turn up.
Possible HHH HTH THH HH HTT TTH THT TTT
Outcom T
e
Value 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 0
of x
Then the possible value of x are 0, 1, 2, or 3.
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Other examples of random variables are listed below
A = the sum of the numbers that turns up when a pair of dice is tossed
B = the distance leaped in meters by a long-jumper in a competition
W = the length of time in minutes that a scheduled airplane flight is
delayed
X = the number of correct answers a student get in a 10 - item true-false
test.
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Experiment Random Variable (𝑿) Possible values (𝒙) for the
Random Variable
Contacting 10 customers Number of customers who 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…..10
placed a complaint
Inspection of shipment of Number of defective 0, 1, 2, … , 99, 100
100 laptops items
Filling a bottle of water Volume of a bottle of 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 500
(maximum of 500 𝑚𝐿) water
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Two (2) of the five foreign automobiles from an overseas shipment have slight paint
blemishes. If an agency receives three (3) of these automobiles at random, list the elements
of the sample space 𝑆 using the letters B and N for “blemished” and “non-blemished”,
respectively. For each sample point, assign a value 𝑥 of the random variable 𝑋 representing
the number of automobiles purchased by the agency with paint blemishes.
Sample Space x
NNN 0
NNB, NBN, BNN 1
BBN, BNB, NBB 2
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Discrete or Continuous
Discrete
is a variable whose
value is obtained by
counting.
Continuous
is a variable whose
value is obtained by
measuring. And takes
an uncountably
infinite number
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Discrete Random Variables
Examples:
number of students present
number of red marbles in a jar
number of heads when flipping three coins
students’ grade level
Continuous Random Variables
Examples:
height of students in class
weight of students in class
time it takes to get to school
distance traveled between classes
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A discrete probability distribution describes the
probability of occurrence of each value of a discrete
random variable.
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An experiment consists of rolling a pair of dice. Let Y be the random
variable representing the absolute value of difference of the numbers that
come up.
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If X is a discrete random variable, the probability distribution is
called a probability mass function or pmf. It may be expressed in
tabular, graphical or formula form.
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Consider the experiment of tossing three coins and let X
be the number of heads that turn up.
x 0 1 2 3
sample TTT HTT, THT, TTH HHT, HTH, THH HHH
points
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x 0 1 2 3
sample TTT HTT, THT, TTH HHT, HTH, THH HHH
points
Presented,
x 0 1 2 3
P (X =
x)
TABULAR FORM
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