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Lesson 2 - Storage

Primary storage includes RAM and ROM which are directly accessible by the CPU and used for short term data storage. Secondary storage includes hard drives, flash drives, CDs and DVDs which provide larger and non-volatile long term storage. The document discusses different types of primary and secondary storage devices and their characteristics.

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14 views

Lesson 2 - Storage

Primary storage includes RAM and ROM which are directly accessible by the CPU and used for short term data storage. Secondary storage includes hard drives, flash drives, CDs and DVDs which provide larger and non-volatile long term storage. The document discusses different types of primary and secondary storage devices and their characteristics.

Uploaded by

lcharlesmba
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY STORAGE

 Is the computers main memory.


 Consists of Random-access memory
(RAM) and Read only memory
(ROM).
 RAM and ROM are accessible by the
CPU
 Relatively small
PRIMARY
STORGAE  More expensive than that of secondary
storage
 Stores data and instruction being
processed by the CPU
 Not portable
 Faster processing speed
 Relatively large- most recently more than
4GB
 In expensive
 Stores data and programs instructions on a
SECONDARY long-term basis
STORAGE  Varying degrees of portability
 Slow in relation to processor speed
 Full read and write capability
 Like humans, computers has short term (Primary)
memory and long term (secondary) memory.
 Short term – RAM, ROM and EPROM
 Long term – Flash drives DVDs and Hard drive disk
(HDD)
THE
DIFFERENCE
 Storage device – is any optical, magnetic or
STORAGE memory-style device capable of information
storage functions in a computer system.
DEVICE AND
 Storage medium – is the material in a storage
STORAGE device that retains the stored information
MEDIUM (such as the magnetic material on the surface
of a hard drive).
TYPES OF STORAGE MEDIA

 CD-ROM- Compact Disk Read-Only Memory stores data that can be read by a
computer. It is not writable and is used to distribute computer software.
 CD-R- Compact Disk Recordable is a variation of the CD-ROM that can be written to
(once) using a CD writer (also called a ‘burner’).
 CD-RW- A type of the CD-R that allows data to be rewritten.
TYPES OF STORAGE MEDIA

 DVD- like a CD but stores more than 5 times the amount of data, it is mainly used for
video and data storage. Due to their storage ability they can be used for back up
storage.
 Flash drive/ Thumb drive- A ‘thumb-sized’ device with a USB connector. Popular
sizes used by students and office workers include 4GB, 8GB and 16GB.
 Memory card- Used in devices such as cameras and smartphones. They are available
in a wide range of types (CompactFlash, SD, MicroSD, etc.), sizes and capacities.
 Bit – is a binary digit either 0 or 1, smallest
unit of measurement in storage.
 Byte – consists of 8 bits that makes up a
single character or unit (example – 2, x ?).
MEASURING
 Word – a word is a group of two or more
STORAGE
bytes that is stored in one location.
CAPACITY  Word size – is the number of bits that make
up a word. Example the AMD TurionTM 64
processor manipulates an 8 – byte word and,
as such, has a word size of 64.
CONVERSION OF DATA STORAGE
EXERCISES

 A storage device is capable of holding 1,048,576 bytes of data.


 How many 0.5 MB pictures can such a device hold?
 Since 1 MB = 1,048,576 bytes
 Therefore 0.5 MB = 1,048,576 × 0.5 = 524,288 bytes
 # pictures = capacity of device / size of picture
 = 1,048,576 bytes / 524,288 bytes = 2
 The device can hold two pictures of size 0.5 MB each.
EXERCISES

 Nutcracker Gadget Store has some files stored on thousands of a particular type of magnetic
device, DEVICE A. They plan to transfer the contents from the batch of DEVICE A to a
single DEVICE B for safekeeping. The capacity of each DEVICE A is 1.44 MB. The capacity
of DEVICE B is 4.0 GB. Assuming that each DEVICE A is full to capacity, determine
approximately how many of these devices can be processed for transfer to DEVICE B.
 Since 1 GB = 1,024 MB Capacity of DEVICE B in megabytes
 = 4.0 × 1,024 = 4,096 MB
 # of DEVICE A that may be transferred = 4,096 MB / 1.28 MB
 = 3,200
EXERCISES

 A student has written an essay for a history school-based assessment (SBA). The word count
feature of the word processor reports that the document contains 8,192 characters (including
spaces). Determine whether the document can be saved on a newly formatted diskette.
 Amount of storage required for 1 character = 1 byte
 Storage required for 8,192 characters = 8,192 bytes
 Disk capacity in bytes = no. of bytes in 1 MB × capacity of disk in MB
 = 1,048,576 × 1.44
 = 1,509,949 bytes
 Since disk capacity > file size, the document can be saved.
TYPES OF PRIMARY STORAGE

 A primary storage device is a one that holds memory for short periods of time while
a computer is running.
TYPES OF PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES

 RAM- Random Access Memory


 ROM- Read Only Memory
 PROM- Programmable Read Only Memory
 EPROM- Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)

 Is the main memory in a computer that stores current operations.


 In operating mode, the CPU will read and write to the RAM.
 RAM is volatile- this means that whenever the computer is shut down all information
stored on it gets erased.
 Consumer laptops RAM sizes range from 1GB to 12GB.
ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY)

 There are four types: ROM, PROM, EPROM and EEPROM.


 Each type of ROM is unique however they all have two common features.
 1) Unlike RAM they are non-volatile- the information stored on them is not erased on
shut down.
 2) The data stored on these chips are unchangeable or requires special operation or
permission to change.
ROM

 A primary storage device that stores data that cannot be changed.


 It’s content is not affected by power loss.
 It acts like a computers permanent store of vital data and programs that’s must be
readily available but protected from accidental or deliberate change by a user.
PROM

 ROM chips are time consuming and very expensive to make, thus leading to the
invention of prom.
 These are blank chips that can be programmed using a special tool. When it is
programmed it acts as a ROM chip.
 Cheaper alternative to creating a ROM.
EPROM

 EPROM solves the reprogrammable issue that PROM has by allowing the user to
program and reprogram the ROM chip.
 The contents can be erased using special ultra violet light, for this reason the chips are
stored in clear plastic case.
 Used in satellite receivers that needs scheduled reprogramming.
 Used in the creation of flash memory cards and flash drives.
SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE

 Is non-volatile, this means that when the device is disconnected from its power source
the data stored remains on the device.
 Uses three main technology: Magnetic, Optical, Flash memory.
 Examples: Hard drive, Flash drive, CD, DVD.
MAGNETIC TECHNOLOGY

 Magnetic storage or magnetic recording is the storage of data on a magnetized


medium. Magnetic storage uses different patterns of magnetization in a magnetizable
material to store data and is a form of non-volatile memory. The information is
accessed using one or more read/write heads.
MAGNETIZE STORAGE…HOW DOES IT WORKS?

ILLUSTRATION
KEY TERMS

 Formatting- is a process, facilitated by the operating system, during which a storage


medium is prepared for data storage.
 Track- is one of the many concentric rings on the disk that define distinct areas of
data storage on the disk.
 Sector- is one of the segments of the concentric tracks encoded on a diskette or hard
disk during formatting. 512bytes per sector
 Cylinder- is a unit of storage in a disk system consisting of the set of tracks that
occupy the same position on opposite sides of each platter (disk surface).

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