Basics of NoSQL Databases -

MongoDB
 Introduction
• Till now we have been working on the databases
which were based on SQL consisting of table, row,
fields ,records etc.
• It is possibe to have database without any structure or
record. NoSQL or Not Only SQL Databases are such
databases.
• We will learn NoSQL databases in this chapter.
 NoSQL Databases
• These are non-relational databases which does not have any strict or
rigid structure.
• These does not store records on the basis of conventional tables.
• These runs in clusters and stores data on the basis of web. These are
high in scalability. These are also known as bigdata.
• You have worked on several apps/web apps using such databases
like Google Mail, Google Earth, Ebay, LinkedIn, facebook, Amazon
etc.
• These provides fast response time.
• These can handle data of any kind without any restriction.
• These adopts new features and fast update.
• These does not show down time.

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 Types of NoSQL Databases
1. Key-value Databases
2. Document Databases
3. Column family stores Databases
4. Graph Databases

Key-Value databases
• Just like python dictionary.
• Very simple and flexible.
• Examples-Cassandra, Amazon DyanmoDB,
ATS (Azure Table Storage, Riak, BerkeleyDB

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 Document Databases
• These are advanced form of key-
value
databases.
• Here, key-value pair stores in document in
structured or semi-structured form.
• Keys are always of string type, values can be
of any type.
• It can be in the form of MS
office document, PDFs, XML, JSON ,BSON.
• JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)
and
BSON (Binary JSON)
• JSON is an open, human & machine
understandable standard. Its main format to
interchange data on modern web is XML.
• Wehave learnt use of JSON in
Python
dictionaries.
• Its examples are - MongoDB, Neha Tyagi, KV5Jaipur II Shift
Couch DB
 Column Family Store Database
• These are known as column store or
column family databases and these
are column oriented models.

• Column family is storage

a mechanism which
can –
– Have multiple rows. multiple
– Each row can
– have
In this, there is a row key under
columns.there can be multiple
which
columns as shown in the figure.
– Its examples are- Hbase, Cassandra,
HyperTable etc.
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 Graph Database
• It uses graphical model to store
data.
• Here, nodes are used to show
object whereas edges are used to
show relation between those nodes.
• Its examples are- Neo4j,
Blazegraph, Titan etc.

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 Advantages and Disadvantages of NoSQL
•Databases
Advantages: •Disadvantages:
–Flexible Data Model –Lack of Standardization
These are very flexible database which No standard rules are there for NoSQL
can store any kind of data. database.
–Evolving Data Model –Backup of Database
You can change its schema without Main problem with NoSQL databases
downing the system. is of backup. MongoDB provides tool
–Elastic Scalability for backup but it is also not up to the
Huge database can be stored on a very mark.
less cost. –Consistency
–High Performance NoSQL database does not think about
Time of throughput and latency is very consistency. Means here, you can have
less. duplicate data very easily.
–Open Source
It is available free of cost and you can
change it as per yor requirement.

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 Working with MongoDB
•MongoDB is a document-oriented NoSQL database.
•It supports dynamic schemas which shws data in JSON format.
•It is a free open source software which gives scalability and high
performance.

MongoDB Terminology
MongoDB Term Description SQL Term
Field a name-value pair which stores information. Column
Document Group of Locally related fields. Row/record
Collection Group of Related documents. Table
Database A container for Collections. A MongoDB server can Database
have multiple databses.
Primary key Unique field identifies document. Primary key

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 Installing MongoDB
•Copy the following link and paste in browser.
https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/tutorial/install-mongodb-on-windows/#install-mdb-edition

Download msi
version from
here

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 Installation of MongoDB
•Install MongoDB by opeing MSI file.
•After installation, check the availability of mongodb.exe file
and mongo.exe file using following path-
C:\Program Files\MongoDB\Server\4.0\bin
•After this, create a data folder on c:\ and db folder under data
folder i.e. “c:\data\db”.
•Now, run mongodb by using the location C:\Program Files\
MongoDB\Server\4.0\bin from command prompt. Do not
close mongodb after run.
•Now, in other command window run mongo using the same
path.
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 Starting MongoDB
This is mongodb’s installer which is of about 190 MB.
In my computer, it has been installed on “C:\Program Files\MongoDB\Server\4.0\bin” path.
You cancheck its path in your computer. We can add it in window’s path.

It is required to have mogodb in running state before running Mongo. Now, you
are ready to give commmand on mongo.

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 MongoDB Data Types
S.N. Data Type DataType S.N. Data Type DataType
Number Number

1. Double 1 10. Null 11

2. String 2 11. Regular Expression 12
3. Object 3 12. JavaScript 13
4. Array 4 13. Symbol 14
5. Binary Data 5 14. JavaScript with scope 15
6. Undefined 6 15. Integer 16 and 18
7. Object Id 7 16. Timestamp 10
8. Boolean 9 17. Min Key 255
9. Date 10 18. Max Key 127

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 MongoDB - Basic
•Creation
commands
of Database 
It is not required to create seperate database in MongoDB. As soon as you insert
first information n database, database automaticaly created.
•Displaying Current Database
>show dbs it shows database
>show collections it shows collections of current database
•Using Database
>use mydb
•CRUD operations
The operations are as under -
Create
These are knows
Read
as CRUD
Update operation
Delete

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 MongoDB - Basic
•Creation
commands
of databse using Save operation 
It is not required to create seperate database in MongoDB. As soon as you insert
first information n database, database automaticaly created.
– You can input data in collection by save or insert command-
db.<collection-name>.save({<document details>})
– We can use show collections command to confirm creation of
collection.
– >USE <DatabaseName> can also be used to create
database
– Following example shows creation of school
database and input of 1
collection.

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 MongoDB - Basic
•Creation
commands
of databse using Save operation
– We can insert multiple document like --

Here, 2 documents
are inserted.

– When you insert a document, mongoDB adds a field itself “_id”

it sets its value in increasing order. This process is not visible to us.
If we desire, we can give value of “_id” at the time of insertion.
•If you insert a document using Save or insert and name is not received
from given database or collection then mongoDB creates a new database
for it.
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 MongoDB -Basic
•Creationcommands
of database from Insert operation
– You can insert data in collection using insert command-
db.<collection-name>.insert({<document details>})
– We can use show collections command to confirm creation
of collection.
– Following example shows creation of school database and input
of 1 collection.

– We can insert multiple document like

– >db.teachers.insertMany([{name:’Ratan’},{name:’Krishna’,age:45}])

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 MongoDB -Basic
•Document
commands
can also be inserted by object creation.
•
Here stud is a valid mongoDB
object.

•An object can have a field which is an object itself.

address is a field of stud , its

value is addr which is an object.

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 MongoDB -Basic
•An Object
commands
can have arrays too. For ex –
Name: Himanshu
Here subject is an array
Class:11 Section:
A
Subjects: English, Hindi, Maths, Physics, Chemistry

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 MongoDB -Basic
•Read Operation:
commands
Read operation is used access documents from collection of
database. Syntax is-
>db.<collection-name>.find() will show all documents of collection.
>db.<collection-name>.findOne() will show only one record.
>db.<collection-name>.findOne({<key>:<value>}) it will work like
criteria.
search
If no record matches then it
returns null.

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 MongoDB -Basic
•Read Operation:
commands
pretty( ) prints documents in
JSON format with proper
indentation.

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 MongoDB -Basic
•Read Operation:
commands

With the above given example only name field will be displayed with “_id”.

If you don’t want to display “_id” then command will be like-

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 MongoDB -Basic
•Comparison
Operators
Operator:
Like other databases, mongoDB also provides operators so that we
can perform delete, read or update operations.
Operator Meaning
Name

$eq Equal to

$gt Greater than

$gte Greater than or

equal to

$lt Less than

$lte Less than or

equal to

$ne Not equal to

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 MongoDB-Basic Operators
•Comparision Operator:
Conditional base or range is to be given as-
{field:{$gte:<lower value>, $lte:<upper value>}}

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 MongoDB -Basic
•Condition
Operators
based on List/Array Operator Name Meaning
{ field :{ $in : [ val1,val2, . . . . . ] } } $in In
{ field :{ $nin : [ val1,val2, . . . . . ] } } $nin Not In

Data shown on Section matching

but no data shown on no match.

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 MongoDB-Basic Operators
Operator Meaning
•Logical Query Operators Name
{ field :{ $not :{<op-Exp>}} } Logical
$not
{ field :{ $and :[{<op-Exp>}, {<op-Exp>},..]} } NOT
{ field :{ $or :[{<op-Exp>}, {<op-Exp>},..]} }
$and Logical
AND
$or Logical
OR

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•Update Operation:
Update operation can be used in two ways-
>update/updateOne or >updateMany ($set operator is used with it)
>db.<CollectionName>.update/updateOne({query-exp},{$set:{<field1>:<val1>, . . . }}

Only to make it understand this example

has taken otherwise updation always to
be made with primary key. Here name
has modified as Hari Prakash where age
was 12.

If you need to update multiple matching

records then you should use
updateMany( ).

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•Delete Operation:
Delete operation can be used in two ways-
>deleteOne or >deleteMany
>db.<CollectionName>.deleteOne({<filter Exp>}) it will delete only one record
even on multiple matching.
>db.<CollectionName>.deleteMany({<filter Exp>}) it will delete multiple records
on multiple matching.

“Hari
Prakash” record is
deleted.

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