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Database

Explanation of the Database Queries in OracleSqlServer

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21 views26 pages

Database

Explanation of the Database Queries in OracleSqlServer

Uploaded by

Beshoy Arnest
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Retrieving Data Using


the SQL SELECT Statement

Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do


the following:
• List the capabilities of SQL SELECT statements
• Execute a basic SELECT statement

1-2 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Capabilities of SQL SELECT Statements

Projection Selection

Table 1 Table 1

Join

Table 1 Table 2

1-3 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Basic SELECT Statement

SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}


FROM table;

• SELECT identifies the columns to be displayed


• FROM identifies the table containing those columns

1-4 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Selecting All Columns

SELECT *
FROM departments;

1-5 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Selecting Specific Columns

SELECT department_id, location_id


FROM departments;

1-6 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Writing SQL Statements

• SQL statements are not case-sensitive.


• SQL statements can be on one or more lines.
• Keywords cannot be abbreviated or split
across lines.
• Clauses are usually placed on separate lines.
• Indents are used to enhance readability.
• In iSQL*Plus, SQL statements can optionally be
terminated by a semicolon (;). Semicolons are
required if you execute multiple SQL statements.
• In SQL*plus, you are required to end each SQL
statement with a semicolon (;).

1-7 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Arithmetic Expressions

Create expressions with number and date data by


using arithmetic operators.
Operator Description
+ Add
- Subtract
* Multiply
/ Divide

1-8 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Using Arithmetic Operators

SELECT last_name, salary, salary + 300


FROM employees;

1-9 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Operator Precedence

SELECT last_name, salary, 12*salary+100


FROM employees; 1

SELECT last_name, salary, 12*(salary+100)


FROM employees;
2

1-10 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Defining a Null Value

• A null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned,


unknown, or inapplicable.
• A null is not the same as a zero or a blank space.
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary, commission_pct
FROM employees;

1-11 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Null Values
in Arithmetic Expressions

Arithmetic expressions containing a null value


evaluate to null.
SELECT last_name, 12*salary*commission_pct
FROM employees;

1-12 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Defining a Column Alias

A column alias:
• Renames a column heading
• Is useful with calculations
• Immediately follows the column name (There can
also be the optional AS keyword between the
column name and alias.)
• Requires double quotation marks if it contains
spaces or special characters or if it is case-
sensitive

1-13 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Using Column Aliases

SELECT last_name AS name, commission_pct comm


FROM employees;

SELECT last_name "Name" , salary*12 "Annual Salary"


FROM employees;

1-14 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Concatenation Operator

A concatenation operator:
• Links columns or character strings to other
columns
• Is represented by two vertical bars (||)
• Creates a resultant column that is a character
expression
SELECT last_name||job_id AS "Employees"
FROM employees;

1-15 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Literal Character Strings

• A literal is a character, a number, or a date that is


included in the SELECT statement.
• Date and character literal values must be enclosed
by single quotation marks.
• Each character string is output once for each
row returned.

1-16 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Using Literal Character Strings

SELECT last_name ||' is a '||job_id


AS "Employee Details"
FROM employees;

1-17 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Alternative Quote (q) Operator

• Specify your own quotation mark delimiter


• Choose any delimiter
• Increase readability and usability
SELECT department_name ||
q'[, it's assigned Manager Id: ]'
|| manager_id
AS "Department and Manager"
FROM departments;

1-18 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Duplicate Rows

The default display of queries is all rows, including


duplicate rows.
SELECT department_id
FROM employees;
1

…
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM employees;
2

1-19 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Displaying Table Structure

DESCRIBE employees

1-20 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Summary

In this lesson, you should have learned how to:


• Write a SELECT statement that:
– Returns all rows and columns from a table
– Returns specified columns from a table
– Uses column aliases to display more descriptive
column headings
• Use the iSQL*Plus environment to write, save, and
execute SQL statements and iSQL*Plus
commands

SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}


FROM table;

1-21 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Practice 1: Overview

This practice covers the following topics:


• Selecting all data from different tables
• Describing the structure of tables
• Performing arithmetic calculations and specifying
column names

1-22 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Practice 1: Overview

1-23 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Practice 1: Overview

1-24 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Practice 1: Overview

1-25 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Practice 1: Overview

1-26 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

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