UNIT 2.

PARTS OF SPEECH
(continued)
• Unit outline • CLAUSES
• PHRASES • Independent clause
• Main clause
• Noun phrase
• Subordinate clauses
• Adjective phrase • Noun clause
• Adverb phrase • Adjective clause
• Verb phrase • Adverb clause
• SENTENCES
• Parts of sentence
• Types of sentence by structure
• Types of sentence by function
PHRASE: a group of words
+ no finite verb (exception: VP)
+ contain a Headword (HW): the most important word.
+ named after HW
+ perform as a unit in a sentence
Types of phrase
• Noun phrase (NP): HW = Noun. Ex: He is a very handsome boy (HW)
• Adjective phrase (AP): HW = Adjective. Ex: She is very beautiful
• Adverb phrase (AdvP): HW = Adverb. He runs very quickly
• Preposition phrase (PP): HW = Preposition. Ex: He is sitting near the window
• Gerund phrase (GP): HW = Gerund. Ex: Swimming regularly is good for health
• Present participle phrase (Pres.PP): HW = Pres.P. Ex: Swimming regularly, I am
getting healthier
• Past participle phrase (PPP): HW = Past part. Ex: Punished by his father, the
boy ran away from home
• Infinitive phrase (Inf.P): HW = Infinitive. Ex: To pass the final exam, students
must study hard
• Verb phrase (VP): (auxiliary) + Main verb + (object, complement, modifier)
Ex: He died.
He is sleeping.
He is eating chocolate alone in a corner of the class right now
• Absolute phrase + Contain a participle (present, past, perfect)
+ The participle has its own subject
+ Always separated by commas
+ Function as sentence modifier
Ex: The boy turning the corner, a brick fell onto his head. (present participle)
The weather having cleared up, we continue our game. (perfect
participle)
 CLAUSE
CLAUSE A group of words
2. Adjective clause / Relative clause: in function of
Contain a finite verb an adjective as modifier of noun. (which?)
Perform as a unit in sentence Ex: I’ll stop at the restaurant where I can have
Types: + Independent clause: can stand alone lunch at low price.
with
full meaning.
3. Adverb clause: in function of an adverb (when,
+ Main clause: go with subordinate clause
where, why, how, what for?)
+ Subordinate clause: go with main clause;
never stand alone Ex: I’ll see you before you leave for America.
(when)
• Types of subordinate clause: a subordinate
clause is identified by its function The dog follows me wherever I go. (where)
1. Noun clause: in function of a noun as subject, He loves you because you are rich. (why)
object, complement. ( what?) He talked to me as if he were my father. (how)
Ex: What you said is very important (subject)
He studies hard so that he can pass the final
He said that he loved me (object) exam. (what for)
Where he is living is what I want to know
 SENTENCES
• Compound subject: two or more subjects joined by a
1. Definition coordinators (FANBOYS) or a correlative conjunction (both
‘A sentence is a group of words grammatically linked to … and, either .. or, neither … nor …)
make complete sense that begins with a capital letter and Ex: My father and his old friend are having tea in the
ends with a full stop.’ garden.
2. The parts of a sentence b. Predicate
Usually a sentence is divided into two parts: Subject and • Simple predicate: Main verb alone.
Predicate. Ex: The bell rang.
a. Subject The girl giggles.
• Simple subject: a noun or a pronoun. • Complete predicate: (auxiliary) + main verb + (object,
Ex: Classes start tomorrow. complement, modifier)
Paul is laughing loudly. He is very happy Ex: That boy offered me a special gift on his birthday last
• Complete subject: simple subject + any modifiers. week.
Ex: Adult education classes at the museum start • Compound predicate: two or more verb phrases joined
tomorrow. by coordinators
The boy you met last night at the supermarket is my Ex: Ted collects old records and plays them in a jazz club.
son.
3. Types of sentence
Sentences can be classified according to their function or their structure.
a. By Function
• Affirmative sentence: to make a statement
declarative sentence.
• Negative sentence: to make a negation
Ex: Mary opened the letter straight away.
Michael didn’t make a mistake.
• Interrogative sentence: to make a question.
Ex: Do all mammals walk?
• Imperative sentence: to make a command, an order.
Ex: Open the letter. Stop talking!
• Exclamatory sentence: to make an exclamation.
Ex: What big eyes you have! How beautiful you are!
b. By Structure
• Simple sentence: only one clause.
+ Simple sentence with compound subject: S1 + S2 + P
Ex: My new student and his old father come from England.
+ Simple sentence with compound predicate: S + P1 + P2
Ex: My father likes coffee but dislikes tea.
+ Simple sentence with compound subject and compound predicate S1 + S2 - P1 + P2
Ex: My father and his friend are having tea and talking about politics.
S1 S2 P1 P2
• Complex sentence: one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
Ex: Although it rains very hard, the poor boy walks to school.
The person who wins will receive a $2000 scholarship.

• Compound sentence: independent clauses linked by a coordinator or a semi-

colon.
Ex: My father likes coffee, but my mom prefers tea.
• Compound-complex or Mixed sentence: main clause + main clause +
subordinate clause
Ex: My father likes coffee, but my mom prefers tea because she thinks that coffee is
not
M1 M2 Sub1
Sub2
good for health.