Chapter 7

Single-Dimensional Arrays

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 Arrays
Array is a data structure that represents a collection of
same-types data elements.

A single-dimensional array is one that stores data elements

in one row.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
myArray: 6 4 1 9 7 3 2 8

Strings are arrays.

String Name = "John Smith";

String courseNumber;
courseNumber = new String ("CS 1301");
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 Declaring Array Variables
datatype[] arrayRefVar;
Example:
double[] myList; //vs. double myList;
int[] yourList;
boolean[] herList;
char[] hisList;

datatype arrayRefVar[]; // This style is allowed, but not preferred

Example:
double myList[];

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 Creating Arrays
This is to allocate memory space for the array.
arrayRefVar = new datatype[arraySize];

Example:
myList = new double[10];
yourList = new int[100];
herList = new boolean[20];
hisList = new char[500];

myList[0] references the first element in the array.

myList[9] references the last element in the array.

In one step you can declare and create:

double[] myList = new double[10];
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 The Length of an Array
Once an array is created, its size is fixed. It cannot be changed. You
can find its size using
arrayRefVar.length; (not length()as with strings)

For example,
int length = myList.length; // returns 10
int length = yourList.length; // returns 100;
int length = herList.length; // returns 20;
int length = hisList.length; // returns 500;

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 Array Representation
double[] myList = new double[10];

myList reference
myList[0] 5.6
myList[1] 4.5
Array reference myList[2] 3.3
variable
myList[3] 13.2

myList[4] 4
Array element at
myList[5] 34.33 Element value
index 5
myList[6] 34

myList[7] 45.45

myList[8] 99.993

myList[9] 11123

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 Default Values
When an array is created, its elements are assigned the default value
of

0 for the numeric primitive types (byte, short, int, long)

0.0 for the numeric primitive data types (float, double)
'\u0000' for char types (Null value)
false for boolean type.

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 Indexed Variables
The array elements are accessed through the index.
The array indices start from 0 to arrayRefVar.length-1
Example:
myList = new double[5];
Array myList holds five double values
The indices are 0 to 4.
Each element in the array is represented using the following syntax,
known as an indexed variable:
arrayRefVar[index];

myList[0]= 25.7; //value in first element

double price = myList[0];

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 Array Initialization
Declaring, creating, initializing in one step:
double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};
int[] numberGrades = {70, 65, 87, 93, 90};
char[] letterGrades = {'C', 'D', 'B', 'A', 'A'};
Boolean[] myFlags = {true, false, true, false};

This shorthand notation is equivalent to the following statements:

double[] myList = new double[4];
myList[0] = 1.9;
myList[1] = 2.9;
myList[2] = 3.4;
myList[3] = 3.5;

Be Careful! This code gives an error. It must be in one statement.

int[] numberGrades;
numberGrades = {70, 65, 87, 93, 90};
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 Processing Arrays
Some common examples:
1. (Initializing arrays with input values)
2. (Initializing arrays with random values)
3. (Printing arrays)
4. (Summing all elements)
5. (Finding the largest element)
6. (Finding the smallest index of the largest element)

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 Initializing arrays with input values

... //Some code

double[] myList = new double[5];

java.util.Scanner input = new java.util.Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter " + myList.length + " double values: ");

for (int i = 0; i < myList.length; i++)

myList[i] = input.nextDouble();

... //other code

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 Initializing arrays with random values

... //Some code

double[] myList = new double[5];

... //initialize the array

for (int i = 0; i < myList.length; i++)

myList[i] = Math.random() * 100; //double type

... //other code

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 Printing arrays
... //Some code

double[] myList = new double[5];

... //initialize the array

for (int i = 0; i < myList.length; i++)

System.out.print(myList[i] + " ");

... //other code

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 Summing all elements

... //Some code

double total = 0;

double[] myList = new double[5];

... //initialize the array

for (int i = 0; i < myList.length; i++)

total = total + myList[i];

... //other code

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 Finding the largest element
... //Some code

double[] myList = new double[5];

double max = myList[0];

for (int i = 1; i < myList.length; i++)

{
if (myList[i] > max)
max = myList[i];
}

... //other code

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 Enhanced for Loop (for-each loop)
JDK 1.5 introduced a new for loop that enables you to traverse the
complete array sequentially without using an index variable. For example,
the following code displays all elements in the array myList:

for (double value: myList)

System.out.println(value);

In general, the syntax is

For (elementType value: arrayRefVar) {
// Process the value
}

You still have to use an index variable if you wish to traverse the array in a
different order or change the elements in the array.

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 Copying Arrays
For object references, an assignment statement copies the
memory address NOT the array content:

name1 "Steve Jobs"

Before:
name2 "Steve Wozniak"

name2 = name1;

name1 "Steve Jobs"

After:
name2

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 Copying Arrays
Use a loop:

int[] sourceArray = {2, 3, 1, 5, 10};

int[] targetArray = new int[sourceArray.length];

for (int i = 0; i < sourceArrays.length; i++)

targetArray[i] = sourceArray[i];

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 The arraycopy Utility
arraycopy(sourceArray, src_pos, targetArray, tar_pos, length);

Example:

System.arraycopy(sourceArray, 0, targetArray, 0, sourceArray.length);

This will copy every element in sourceArray to targetArray.

Must create targetArray first.

System.arraycopy(sourceArray, 10, targetArray, 10, length);

This will copy every element in sourceArray to targetArray

starting at position 10.
Must create targetArray first.

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 Passing Arrays to Methods
public static void printArray(int[] array) {
for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
System.out.print(array[i] + " ");
}
}

Invoke the method:

int[] list = {3, 1, 2, 6, 4, 2};
printArray(list);

Invoke the method again:

printArray(new int[]{3, 1, 2, 6, 4, 2});

Anonymous (nameless) array

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 Anonymous Array
The statement
printArray(new int[]{3, 1, 2, 6, 4, 2});

creates un-named array and pass it to method printArray().

There is no explicit reference variable for the this array.
Such array is called an anonymous array.

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 Pass By Value - Revisited
Java uses pass by value to pass arguments to a method. There
are important differences between passing a value of variables
of primitive data types and passing arrays.
 For a parameter of a primitive type value, the actual value is
passed. Changing the value of the local parameter inside the
method does not affect the value of the variable outside the
method.
 For a parameter of an array type, the value of the parameter
contains a reference to an array; this reference is passed to the
method. Any changes to the array that occur inside the method
body will affect the original array that was passed as the
argument.
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 Simple Example
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int x = 1; // x represents an int value
int[] y = new int[10]; // y is an array of int values
myMethod(x, y); // Invoke m with arguments x and y

System.out.println("x is " + x);

System.out.println("y[0] is " + y[0]);
}

public static void myMethod(int number, int[] numbers) {

number = 1001; // Assign a new value to number, locally
numbers[0] = 5555; // Assign a new value to numbers[0]
}
}
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 Call (Run-Time) Stack
Stack Heap
Space required for
method myMethod
int[] numbers:reference
The arrays are
int number: 1 0 stored in a
0 heap.
Space required for the
main method
int[] y: reference Array of ten int values
int x: 1 is stored here
0

When invoking myMethod(x, y), the values of x and y are passed to

number and numbers. Since y contains the reference value to the
array (memory address) , numbers now contains the same reference
value to the same array.

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 Call (Run-Time) Stack
Stack Heap
Space required for
method myMethod
int[] numbers:reference
The arrays are
int number: 1001 5555 stored in a
0 heap.
Space required for the
main method
int[] y: reference Array of ten int
int x: 1 values is stored here
0

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 Call (Run-Time) Stack
Heap

The arrays are

5555 stored in a
0 heap.
Space required for the
main method
int[] y: reference
int x: 1 0

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 Variable-Length Parameter List
Java allows a method to take variables number of parameters of the
same type. The parameter list is treated as an array.

public class VarArgsDemo {

public static void main (String[] args) {
printMax(50, 29, 19, 2, 98, 16);
printMax(150, 300, 275);
printMax(new int[] {1,2,3,4,5,6});
}
public static void printMax(int... numbers) {
if (numbers.length == 0) {
System.out.println("No arguments passed! ");
return; // to exit the method, not to return a value
}
int result = numbers[0];
for (int i=1; i<numbers.length; i++)
if (numbers[i] > result)
result = numbers[i];
System.out.println("The max value is " + result);
} 27
 Searching Arrays
Searching is the process of looking for a specific element in an
array. The element may be found or may not.

How? Two commonly used methods are:

- linear search: search all elements in sequence from
first to last.

- binary search: search an ordered array taking into

consideration one-half of the array in
each stop.

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 Class Arrays
Since binary search is frequently used in programming, Java provides
several overloaded binarySearch methods for searching a key in an array of
int, double, char, short, long, and float in the java.util.Arrays class. For
example:
import java.util.*;
int[] list = {2,4,7,10,11,45,50,59,60,66,69,70,79};
System.out.println("Index of value 11 is " +
Arrays.binarySearch(list, 11));

char[] chars = {'a','c','g','x','y','z'};

System.out.println("Index of letter t is " +
Arrays.binarySearch(chars, 't'));

Note: This call returns –4 (insertion point is 3, so return is -3-1)

For the binarySearch method to work, the array must be pre-sorted in

increasing order. See section 7.12, page 272, for other methods in class
Arrays (sort, equals, fill, toString)
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 Arrays.sort Method
Since sorting is frequently used in programming, Java provides
several overloaded sort methods for sorting an array of int, double,
char, short, long, and float in the java.util.Arrays class. For
example, the following code sorts an array of numbers and an array
of characters.
import java.util.*;
double[] numbers = {6.0, 4.4, 1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};
Arrays.sort(numbers);

char[] chars = {'a', 'A', '4', 'F', 'D', 'P'};

Arrays.sort(chars);

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 Arrays.toString(list) Method
Method Arrays.toString(list) method can be used to return a string
representation for the list.
import java.util.*;
char[] chars = {'a', 'A', '4', 'F', 'D', 'P'};
Arrays.sort(chars); //sort the list
//print the list
for (int i = 0; i < chars.length; i++)
System.out.print(chars[i]+ " ");
System.out.println();
//convert to string
String myString = Arrays.toString(chars);
System.out.println (myString);

Output:
4 A D F P a
[4, A, D, F, P, a]
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 Passing Arguments to Main Method
You can call a regular method by passing actual parameters. Can
you pass arguments to main? Of course, yes. For example, the main
method in class B is invoked by a method in A, as shown below:

public class A { class B {

public static void main(String[] args) { public static void main(String[] args) {
String[] strings = {"New York", for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++)
"Boston", "Atlanta"}; System.out.println(args[i]);
B.main(strings); }
} }
}

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End of Chapter 7

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