CA1

COMPUTE
FOR
ORGANIZATIO
R
N
NAME: AAKANKSHA KUMARI
ROLL NUMBER:
11930823001 STREAM:
INTRODUCTION
Computer architectures have evolved significantly, starting
with the Von Neumann architecture, which uses a single
memory space for instructions and data, and the Harvard
architecture, which separates them for improved efficiency.
Modern computer architecture combines elements of both
incorporating multi-core processors, parallel processing,
and advanced cache systems. Over time, computers
have progressed through generations: the first used
vacuum tubes, the second transistors, the third integrated
circuits, the fourth microprocessors, and the fifth focuses
on artificial intelligence and quantum computing. Each
generation has introduced major
advancements, making computers faster, smaller, and
more powerful.
VON
NEUMANN
ARCHITECT
URE
Von-Neumann computer architecture design was proposed
in 1945.It was later known as Von-Neumann architecture.
Historically there have been 2 types of Computers:
1.Fixed Program Computers – Their function is very
specific and they couldn’t be reprogrammed, e.g.
Calculators.
2.Stored Program Computers – These can be programmed
to carry out many different tasks, applications are
stored on them, hence the name.
Modern computers are based on a stored-program concept
introduced by J ohn Von Neumann. In this stored-program
concept, programs and data are stored in the same
memory. This novel idea meant that a computer built with
this architecture would be much easier to reprogram.
 VON
ARCHITECTURE(BASIC
NEUMANN
UNITS) Input/
CPU RAM Output
Includes the Arithmetic Logic Stores both data and Facilitates interaction with
Unit (ALU) for performing program instructions . external devices . Handles the
arithmetic and logical Provides quick access to the input from the user and
operations . CPU for fetching instructions output to the user.
Contains the Control Unit (CU) and data.
which manages the
execution of instructions.
Registers within the CPU store
temporary data and instructions.
VON NEUMANN
ARCHITECTURE
(OPERATIONS)
The von Neumann architecture is a computer architecture model that describes a system where the
CPU runs stored programs. This architecture operates on the following principles and key
operations:Fetch: CPU retrieves an instruction from memory via the Program Counter (PC).
1.Decode: Control Unit decodes the instruction to determine the required operation.
2.Execute: The CPU executes the instruction, performing operations like arithmetic or data
movement.
3.Store: Results of operations are stored back in memory or registers.
4.Input/Output: Manages data transfer between the CPU and external devices.
5.Control Transfer: Handles jumps and branches by updating the Program Counter
(PC). This overview captures the essential functions of the von Neumann architecture.
HAVARD
ARCHITECT
URE
In a normal computer that follows von Neumann
architecture, instructions, and data both are stored in the
same memory. So same buses are used to fetch instructions
and data. This means the CPU cannot do both things
together (read the instruction and read/write data). Harvard
Architecture is the computer architecture that contains
separate storage and separate buses (signal path) for
instruction and data. It was basically developed to overcome
the bottleneck of Von Neumann’s Architecture. The main
advantage of having separate buses for instruction and
data is that the CPU can access instructions and read/write
data at the same time.
HAVARD ARCHITECTURE
(FEATURES)
Separate memory spaces: In Harvard architecture, there are separate memory spaces for instructions and data. This
separationS ensures that the processor can access both the instruction and data memories simultaneously,
allowing for faster and more efficient data retrieval.
Fixed instruction length: In Harvard architecture, instructions are typically of fixed length, which simplifies the
instruction fetch process and allows for faster instruction processing.
Parallel instruction and data access: Since Harvard architecture separates the memory spaces for instructions and
data, the processor can access both memory spaces simultaneously, allowing for parallel instruction and data
processing.
More efficient memory usage: Harvard architecture allows for more efficient use of memory as the data and
instruction memories can be optimized independently, which can lead to better performance.
Suitable for embedded systems: Harvard architecture is commonly used in embedded systems because it provides
fast and efficient access to both instructions and data, which is critical in real-time applications.
MODERN
COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE
Modern computer architecture
combines elements from both
Von Neumann and Harvard
architectures to enhance
performance, efficiency, and
scalability. It incorporates
advanced technologies and
design principles to meet the
growing demands of
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
(FEATURES)
Multi-core Processors : Multiple processing units (cores) within a single CPU.Enables parallel execution of
tasks, improving performance for multi-threaded applications.
Parallel Processing : Use of multiple processors or cores to perform simultaneous computations.Techniques
include symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) and massively parallel processing (MPP).
Advanced Cache Hierarchy : Multiple levels of cache (L1, L2, L3) to reduce the latency between the CPU and
main memory.Improves data access speed and overall system performance.
Pipelining and Superscalar Architecture : Pipelining allows overlapping of instruction execution to
improve throughput.Superscalar architecture enables the execution of multiple instructions per clock
cycle.
Specialized Processing Units : Integration of Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) for handling graphics and parallel
computation tasks.Use of Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs)
for specific applications.
Energy Efficiency : Design considerations to reduce power consumption while maintaining
performance.Techniques include dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) and power gating
 COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE(COMPONEN
ORGANIZATION
TS)
CPUs Memory Storage Input/Output
system
M ulti-core design for Hierarchical structure Solid State Drives (SSDs) High-speed interfaces like
improved with and advanced storage USB, Thunderbolt, and P CIe
parallelism.Advanced multiple technologies for faster data for efficient peripheral
pipelining and cache levels.High-speed RAM access and reliability. communication
execution and virtual memory

units systems
GENERATION
S OF
COMPUTERS
The modern computer took its shape with the
arrival of your time. It had been around the
16th century when the evolution of the
computer started. The initial computer faced
many changes, obviously for the betterment. It
continuously improved itself in terms of speed,
accuracy, size, and price to urge the form of
the fashionable day computer.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the evolution of computer architectures, from the
foundational Von Neumann model with its single memory space
for instructions and data to the Harvard architecture with
separate memories for parallel access, has significantly
advanced
computing efficiency and performance. Modern computer
architecture incorporates multi-core processors, parallel
processing, advanced cache hierarchies, and specialized units
like GPUs, enhancing computational power and energy efficiency.
The progression
through generations of computers—from vacuum tubes and
transistors to integrated circuits, microprocessors, and now AI and
quantum computing—demonstrates remarkable technological
advancements.
These developments have revolutionized industries, improved
data processing, communication, and automation, and have
profoundly impacted society by enabling sophisticated
technologies such as smartphones, the internet, and artificial
THANK
YO U