ELECTRICAL ESTIMATION
AND UTILIZATION
Part 16- (i) Nature of light and its propagation
(ii) Definition of the following terms
a) Plane and solid angles b) Luminous flux
c) Luminous intensity d) Lumen
e) Candle power f) Illumination
K.HIMAJA
Lec in EEE Dept
SRRS Govt Polytechnic,
Sircilla
OBJECTIVES
Nature of light and its propagation
Define the following terms
a) Plane and solid angles b) Luminous
flux
c) Luminous intensity d) Lumen
e) Candle power f) Illumination
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ILLUMINATION
INTRODUCTION
Study of illumination engineering is necessary not
only to understand the principles of light control
as applied to interior lighting design such as
domestic and factory lighting but also to
understand outdoor applications such as highway
lighting and flood lighting.
Now a day, the electrically produced light is
referred to the other source of illumination
because of an account
of its cleanliness, ease of control, steady light
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output, low cost, and reliability.
The best illumination is that it produces no
strain on the eyes. Apart from its esthetic and
decorative aspects, good lighting has a strictly
utilitarian value in reducing the fatigue of the
workers, protecting their health, increasing
production, etc.
The science of illumination engineering is
therefore becoming of major importance.
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NATURE OF LIGHT
Light is a form of electromagnetic energy
radiated from a body and human eye is capable
of receiving it.
Light is a prime factor in the human life as all
activities of human being ultimately depend
upon the light.
Various forms of incandescent bodies are the
sources of light and the light emitted by such
bodies depends upon their temperature.
A hot body about 500–800°C becomes a red hot
and about 2,500–3,000°C the body becomes
white hot.
While the body is red hot, the wavelength of the
radiated energy will be sufficiently large and the 5
energy available in the form of heat.
Further, the temperature increases, the body
changes from red-hot to white-hot state, the
wavelength of the radiated energy becomes
smaller and enters into the range of the
wavelength of light.
The wavelength of the light waves varying
from 0.0004 to 0.00075 mm, i.e. 4,000-7,500
Å (1 Angstrom unit = 10–10 mm).
The eye discriminates between different
wavelengths in this range by the sensation of
color.
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The whole of the energy radiated out is not
useful for illumination purpose.
Radiations of very short wavelength varying
from 0.0000156 × 10–6m to 0.001 × 10–6 m
are not in the visible range are called as
rontgen or x-rays, which are having the
property of penetrating through opaque bodies.
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TERMS USED IN ILLUMINATION
Color:
The energy radiation of the heated body is
monochromatic, i.e. the radiation of only one
wavelength emits specific color.
The wavelength of visible light lies between 4,000 and
7,500 Å. The color of the radiation corresponding to
the wavelength is shown in Fig.1
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FIG. 1. WAVELENGTH
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RELATIVE SENSITIVITY
The reacting power of the human eye to the
light waves of different wavelengths varies
from person to person, and also varies with
age. The average relative sensitivity is shown
in Fig. 2. The eye is most sensitive for a
wavelength of 5,500 Å.
So that, the relative sensitivity according to
this wavelength is taken as unity.
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Referred from Fig. 1, blue and violet
corresponding to the short wavelengths and red
to the long wavelengths, orange, yellow, and
green being in the middle of the visible region of
wavelength.
The color corresponding to 5,500 Å is not
suitable for most of the applications since
yellowish green.
The relative sensitivity at any particular 11
wavelength (λ) is known as relative luminous
factor (Kλ).
FIG 2. THE AVERAGE RELATIVE SENSITIVITY
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LIGHT
It is defined as the radiant energy from a hot
body that produces the visual sensation upon
the human eye.
It is expressed in lumen-hours and it
analogous to watthours, which denoted by
the symbol ‘Q’.
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LUMINOUS FLUX
It is defined as the energy in the form of light
waves radiated per second from a luminous
body. It is represented by the symbol ‘φ’ and
measured in lumens.
Ex: Suppose the luminous body is an
incandescent lamp. The total electrical
power input to the lamp is not converted to
luminous flux, some of the power lost through
conduction, convection, and radiation, etc.
A fraction of the remaining radiant flux is in the
form of light waves lies in between the visual
range of wavelength, i.e. between 4,000 and
7,000 Å, as shown in Fig. 3. 14
FIG 3. FLUX DIAGRAM
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Radiant efficiency When an electric current
is passed through a conductor, some heat is
produced to I2R loss, which increases its
temperature of the conductor.
At low temperature, conductor radiates energy in
the form of heat waves, but at very high
temperatures, radiated energy will be in the form
of light as well as heat waves. ‘Radiant efficiency
is defined as the ratio of energy radiated in the
form of light, produces sensation of vision to the
total energy radiated out by the luminous body’.
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PLANE ANGLE
A plane angle is the angle subtended at a point
in a plane by two converging lines (Fig.6.4).
It is denoted by the Greek letter ‘θ’ (theta) and
is usually measured in degrees or radians.
One radian is defined as the angle subtended by
an arc of a circle whose length by an arc of a
circle whose length is equals to the radius of the
circle.
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FIG 4. PLANE ANGLE
(1)
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SOLID ANGLE
Solid angle is the angle subtended at a point in
space by an area, i.e., the angle enclosed in the
volume formed by numerous lines lying on the
surface and meeting at the point (Fig. 5).
It is usually denoted by symbol ‘ω’ and is
measured in steradian.
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FIG.5 SOLID ANGLE
(2)
The largest solid angle subtended at the center of a sphere:
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Let us consider a curved surface of a spherical
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLANE ANGLE AND SOLID ANGLE
segment ABC of height ‘h’ and radius of the
sphere ‘r’ as shown in Fig. 6.
The surface area of the curved surface of the
spherical segment ABC = 2πrh. From the Fig. 6
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Fig.6 . Sectional view for solid angle
(3)
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From the Equation (3), the curve shows the variation
of solid angle with plane angle is shown in Fig. 7.
Fig. 7 Relation between solid angle and plane angle
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LUMINOUS INTENSITY
Luminous intensity in a given direction is defined as the luminous flux emitted
by the source per unit solid angle (Fig. 8).
Fig. 8 Luminous flux emitting from the source
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It is denoted by the symbol ‘I’ and is usually measured in ‘candela’. Let ‘F’ be the
luminous flux crossing a spherical segment of solid angle ‘ω’.
Then luminous intensity is
lumen/steradian or candela.
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LUMEN:
It is the unit of luminous flux. It is defined as the
luminous flux emitted by a source of one candle
power per unit solid angle in all directions.
Lumen = candle power of source × solid angle.
Lumen = CP × ω
Total flux emitted by a source of one candle
power is 4π lumens.
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CANDLE POWER (CP)
The CP of a source is defined as the total luminous
flux lines emitted by that source in a unit solid
angle.
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ILLUMINATION
Illumination is defined as the luminous flux
received by the surface per unit area. It is usually
denoted by the symbol ‘E’ and is measured in lux
or lumen/m2 or meter.
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LUX OR METER CANDLE
It is defined as the illumination of the inside of a
sphere of radius 1 m and a source of 1 CP is fitted
at the center of sphere.
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FOOT CANDLE
It is the unit of illumination and is defined as
the illumination of the inside of a sphere of
radius 1 foot, and a source of 1 CP is fitted at
the center of it.
We know that 1 lux = 1 foot candle = 1
lumen/(ft)2
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THANK YOU
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