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Chapter 1 Introduction to OS

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4 views

Chapter 1 Introduction to OS

Uploaded by

black hello
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 24

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO
OPERATING SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW

I. What is an Operating System?


II. Components of an Operating
System
III. Characteristics of an Operating
System
IV. Types of Operating System
V. Examples of Operating System
Computer Software
Software, also called a program, tells the computer what
tasks to perform and how to perform them

System Software
• Operating system
• Utility program

Application Software

3
Computer Software
Installing is the process of setting up software to work
with the computer, printer, and other hardware

4
1.1 OVERVIEW OF OPERATING
SYSTEM
A program that acts as in intermediary between a
user of a computer and the computer hardware.
GUI Based but wasting
Us CPU cycles
er
Vie
w
Operating
System

t em
s
Sy iew
V
Command Based but
save memory
spaces/CPU cycles
1.1.1 FUNCTIONS OF AN
OS

User
• Make the computer
system convenient to use.

Application
• Use the computer
program hardware in an efficient
manner.

Operating system • Allocate resources

• Controls the execution of


user programs and the
Hardware
operations of I/O devices .
1.2 COMPUTER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Hardware
Provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory, I/O
devices).
Operating System (OS)
Controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the
various application programs for the various users.
Applications Programs /Application Software
Define the ways in which the system resources are used to
solve the computing problems of the users (compilers,
database systems, video games, business programs).
Users
Include people, machines, and other computers.
1.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF AN
OS
Concurrency - to ensure that two or more
processes/application programs can run at the same time.

Sharing – to ensure different processes or users can share


the same resourse (CPU, Memory I/O devices or File, Data)

Long-term storage - the files and application can be


stored permanently

Non-determinacy - Respond to events which will occur in


an unpredictable manner
1.3.1 Essential managers of OS

1. non-networked operating system


User Interface

Processor Manager
Memory Manager

Device Manager

File Manager
Tasks Performed by Each Subsystem
• Monitor its resources continuously
• Enforce the policies that determine who gets what,
when and how much.
⮚ E.g. Processor Manager has 2 sub-managers: Job Scheduler & Process Scheduler

• Allocate the resource when appropriate


⮚ Multiprogramming environment - requires scheduling policy (Preemptive & Non-preemptive ) &
scheduling algorithm e.g. First Come First Served (FCFS), Round Robin , Priority Scheduling …

• Deallocate the resource (reclaim 回 收 it) when


appropriate
⮚Finish job / deadlock
2. Networked systems have a Network Manager
Processor Manager Memory
Manager

Network
Manager

Device Manager

File Manager
responsibility for networking tasks
while working harmoniously with
every other manager)
1.3.1. Processor Manager
• Allocates CPU time
• Keeps track of each process status - waiting,
executing.
• Sets up necessary registers and tables
• Reclaims processor when job is finished and/or
time for job has expired
• Two levels of responsibility
⮚ Accepts or rejects the incoming jobs (handled by Job
Scheduler)
⮚ Decides which process gets the CPU and for how long
(Handled by the Process Scheduler)
1.3.2. Memory Manager
• Checks validity of each request for memory space
and if it is a legal request, allocates a portion of
memory that isn’t already in use.
• Sets up a table to keep track of who is using
which section of memory.
• Deallocates memory blocks once program
completes execution
• Protects OS memory space so that it cannot be
altered by other programs
1.3.3. Device Manager
• Monitors every device, channel, and control unit.
• Allocate in the most efficient manner all of the
system’s devices (e.g. printers, devices, ports, disk
drives) based on a scheduling policy chosen by
the system’s designers.
• Functions include:
■ Allocation of devices
■ Starting operation of devices
■ Deallocation of devices once job completes
1.3.4. File Manager
• Keeps track of each file in the system (e.g. data
files, program files, compilers, application programs)

• Allocate resources (e.g. opening files) and


deallocate resources (e.g. closing files)

• Uses predetermined access policies to enforce


restrictions on who has access to which files
• Example:
■ Restrictions on each file – system only, user
only, group only, general access
■ User restriction – read only, read/write only,
allowed to create file, allowed to delete file
1.4 CATEGORIES/TYPES OF OS

Batch systems

Interactive systems

Real Time systems

Hybrid systems

Embedded systems
Batch Systems

Feature jobs that are entered as a whole


and a sequence (1 job in one time)
Jobs processed serially without user
interaction

Efficiency is measured in throughput ,i.e. the


number of jobs completed in a given a
mount of time (e.g. 550 jobs per hour)

Example: Payroll System

Preparation of a weekly payroll for an


organization whereby time cards are
collected, data entered and processed,
Interactive Systems

User interacts directly with the operating system


via commands entered from the keyboard

Operating system provides immediate feedback to


the user.

Response time can be measured in fractions of a


second.

Example: Mac, Window


Banks’ automatic teller machines (ATMs) which
provides immediate cash and transaction details
for its users.
Real-Time Systems

Extremely fast systems which are used in time-


critical environments where reliability is a major
factor and data must be processed within a strict
time limit.

Usually a real-time system is a dedicated system


which spends all or most of its time on a single
job.

Must be 100% responsive 100% of the time.


Example: airport traffic control, spacecraft
Air traffic control system used by the airport
authority such as the radar system
A combination of batch and interactive systems.

Appear to be interactive because individual users


can enter multiple jobs into the system and get fast
responses but actually accepts and runs batch
programs in the background when the interactive
load is light.

Takes advantage of the free time between high-


demand usage of the system and low-demand
times.

Many large computer systems are hybrids.


Network-allow users to manipulate resources that
may be located over a wide geographical area.
Embedded Systems

Embedded systems are computers placed


inside other products to add features and
capabilities.

Example:

In automobiles, embedded computers can


help with engine performance, braking and
navigation.
1.4 EXAMPLES OF OS
Windows - It provides in numerous versions by
Microsoft and widely used in the PC arena.
UNIX - It is a popular choice for larger computer
systems as well as PCs.
Mac OS – Operating system provided by Apple for
its range of Mac machines, and Solaris, which was
developed by Sun Microsystems (now owned by
Oracle).
Linux - It was originally developed noncommercial
by computer enthusiasts and is now available
through many commercial sources, including IBM.

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