Flowcharts

Unit 3: Flowcharts

At the end of the unit student should be able to

 Define the meaning of flowchart;

 Explain the need of flow chart;
 Explain different symbols used in flow chart;
 Draw flow chart for simple problems.
• A flowchart is a tool used for graphical representation of a process,
system, or algorithm that uses various symbols and shapes to depict
the sequence of steps, decisions, and actions involved in solving a
problem.
• Flowcharts are widely used in various fields, including computer
programming, engineering, business, and project management, to
visually illustrate and communicate complex processes.
• It provides a clear, easy-to-understand representation of the steps
and decisions in a process, helping individuals analyze, understand,
and improve workflows, systems, or procedures.
• The algorithm and the flowchart both have the same purpose of
helping and guiding to solve a problem which in turn helps to guide
the process when writing a program on computer.
Meaning and Purpose of Flowcharts:
• Visual Representation: Flowcharts provide a visual representation of complex processes, making
them easier to understand and communicate to others, including team members, stakeholders, and
decision-makers.
• Process Analysis: Flowcharts are useful for analyzing existing processes, identifying bottlenecks,
inefficiencies, or redundancies, and proposing improvements.
• Problem-Solving: Flowcharts are employed in problem-solving to outline and clarify the steps
required to resolve issues or make decisions.
• Documentation: They serve as documentation tools for processes, procedures, and algorithms,
aiding in standardization and knowledge transfer.
• Programming: Flowcharts are used in software development to plan, design, and document
algorithms and program logic before coding.
• Project Management: In project management, flowcharts help in outlining project workflows, task
dependencies, and critical paths.
• Training and Education: Flowcharts are used for training purposes to teach employees or students
how to follow specific procedures or processes.
Key Elements of Flowcharts:
• Symbols: Flowcharts use a set of standardized symbols to represent
different elements of a process. Common symbols include rectangles for
processes, diamonds for decisions, ovals for start/end points, and arrows for
flow direction.
• Flow Lines: Arrows or lines connecting symbols show the direction of the
process flow, indicating the order in which steps are executed.
• Processes: Rectangles represent individual steps or actions in the process.
Each rectangle typically contains a description of the action to be performed.
• Decisions: Diamonds or lozenges represent decision points in the process
where a choice or condition is evaluated, leading to different paths
depending on the outcome.
• Start and End Points: Ovals or rounded rectangles indicate the beginning
and end of the process. They often contain labels like "Start" or "End."
Symbols used in the flowchart
• Flowcharts use a standardized set of symbols and shapes to represent various elements and actions
within a process. These symbols help convey information, decisions, and the flow of control from
one step to another. Here are some of the most commonly used flowchart symbols:
• The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) set standards for flowcharts and their symbols
in the 1960s. The International Organization for Standardization(ISO) adopted the ANSI symbols
in 1970. The current standard was revised in 1985. Generally, flowcharts flow from top to bottom
and left to right.
BUILDING BLOCKS OF FLOW CHART

ANSI/ISO
Name Description
Shape

Shows the process's order of

operation. A line coming from one
Flow line symbol and pointing at
(Arrowhead) another. Arrowheads are added if the
flow is not the standard top-to-
bottom, left-to right.
 BUILDING BLOCKS OF FLOW CHART
ANSI/ISO
Name Description
Shape
Indicates the beginning and
ending of a program or sub-
process. Represented as
a stadium, oval or rounded (fillet)
Terminal rectangle. They usually contain the
word "Start" or "End", or another
phrase signaling the start or end
of a process, such as "submit
inquiry" or "receive product".
 BUILDING BLOCKS OF FLOW CHART

ANSI/ISO
Name Description
Shape

Represents a set of
operations that changes
Process value, form, or location of
data. Represented as
a rectangle
 BUILDING BLOCKS OF FLOW CHART

ANSI/ISO
Name Description
Shape
Shows a conditional operation
that determines which one of
the two paths the program will
Decision take. The operation is commonly
a yes/no question or true/false
test. Represented as a diamond
(rhombus).
 BUILDING BLOCKS OF FLOW CHART

ANSI/ISO
Name Description
Shape

Indicates the process of inputting

Input / and outputting data, as in
entering data or displaying
Output results. Represented as
a parallelogram
 BUILDING BLOCKS OF FLOW CHART
ANSI/ISO
Name Description
Shape
Indicating additional
information about a step the
program. Represented as an
Annotation open rectangle with a
(Comment) dashed or solid line
connecting it to the
corresponding symbol in the
flowchart.
 BUILDING BLOCKS OF FLOW CHART

ANSI/ISO
Name Description
Shape

Shows named process

/Function which is defined
Predefined
Process elsewhere. Represented
as a rectangle with
Functions
double-struck vertical
edges.
 BUILDING BLOCKS OF FLOW CHART

ANSI/ISO
Name Description
Shape

Pairs of labelled
connectors replace long
On-page or confusing lines on a
Connector flowchart page.
Represented by a small
circle with a letter inside.
 BUILDING BLOCKS OF FLOW CHART
ANSI/ISO
Name Description
Shape

A labelled connector for

use when the target is on
Off-page
another page.
Connector
Represented as a home
plate-shaped pentagon.
 BUILDING BLOCKS OF FLOW CHART

ANSI/ISO
Name Description
Shape

Storage/ Magnetic Tape used for s

Backup econdary storage/Backup
 BUILDING BLOCKS OF FLOW CHART

ANSI/ISO
Name Description
Shape

Storage/ Magnetic Disk used for se

Backup condary storage/Backup
 ADVANTAGES OF USING FLOWCHARTS

As we discussed flow chart is used for representing algorithm in

pictorial form. This pictorial representation of a solution/system is having
many advantages. These advantages are as follows:

1.COMMUNICATION.
2.EFFECTIVE ANALYSIS.
3.DOCUMENTATION OF PROGRAM/SYSTEM.
4.EFFICIENT PROGRAM MAINTENANCE.
5.CODING OF THE PROGRAM.
 ADVANTAGES OF USING FLOWCHARTS

1.COMMUNICATION:

A Flowchart can be used as a better way of communication of the

logic of a system and steps involve in the solution, to all concerned
particularly to the client of system.
 ADVANTAGES OF USING FLOWCHARTS
2.EFFECTIVE ANALYSIS:

A flowchart of a problem can be used for effective analysis of the

problem.
 ADVANTAGES OF USING FLOWCHARTS

3.DOCUMENTATION OF PROGRAM/ SYSTEM:

Program flowcharts are a vital part of a good program documentation.

Program document is used for various purposes like knowing the
components in the program, complexity of the program etc.
 ADVANTAGES OF USING FLOWCHARTS

4. EFFICIENT PROGRAM MAINTENANCE:

Once a program is developed and becomes operational it needs time

to time maintenance. With help of flowchart maintenance become easier.
 ADVANTAGES OF USING FLOWCHARTS

5. CODING OF THE PROGRAM:

Any design of solution of a problem is finally converted into

computer program. Writing code referring the flowchart of the
solution become easy.
 LIMITATIONS OF USING FLOWCHARTS

1) COMPLEXITY OF LOGIC: If program logic is complex then flowchart of the

program becomes complicated.

2) ALTERATIONS AND MODIFICATIONS IN LOGIC: any alterations in the

program logic may require re­drawing of flowchart completely.

3) REUSE IS NOT POSSIBLE: As the flowchart symbols cannot be typed, always

reproduction of flowchart symbols are required.
Representing solution to problems by means
of flowchart.
• Step 1: Define the Problem Begin by clearly defining the
problem you want to solve. Understand its scope, objectives, and
constraints. Identify the input data and the expected output.

• Step 2: Plan the Flowchart Before creating the flowchart, plan

the logical flow of the solution. Consider the order of steps,
decision points, and actions to be taken. Decide which flowchart
symbols to use for each element.
• Step 3: Start and End Symbols Start the flowchart with an oval shape
symbol labeled "Start." This represents the beginning of the process. Then,
add an oval shape symbol labeled "End" to represent the conclusion of the
solution.
• Step 4: Process Symbols Insert rectangular symbols to represent the
individual steps or actions in your solution. Label each rectangle with a brief
description of the action. Arrange these symbols in sequential order to show
the logical progression of the process.
• Step 5: Decision Symbols Use diamond-shaped symbols to represent
decision points where the solution follows different paths based on conditions
or choices. Label these diamonds with the condition or question that
determines the path taken. Connect the diamond symbols with flow lines to
indicate the possible outcomes.
• Step 6: Input/Output Symbols Add parallelogram symbols to represent
input or output operations. Label these symbols to indicate the data or
information being input or output during the process.
• Step 7: Connect the Symbols Use arrows or lines with arrows to connect
the symbols in the order in which they are executed. Ensure that the arrows
follow the logical flow of the solution, considering decisions and branching.
• Step 8: Document the Flowchart Include a title at the top of the flowchart
to describe the problem or solution. Add comments or explanations as needed
within the flowchart to clarify specific steps or decisions.
• Step 9: Test the Flowchart Review the flowchart to ensure that it accurately
represents the solution to the problem. Check for clarity, completeness, and
correctness. Run through the flowchart mentally to see if it aligns with the
intended solution.
• Step 10: Validate and Refine If necessary, validate the flowchart by testing
it with sample input data. Make any required refinements or adjustments to
ensure that the flowchart accurately solves the problem.

• Step 11: Share and Communicate Once the flowchart accurately

represents the solution, you can share it with others to communicate the
problem-solving process. Flowcharts are useful tools for conveying solutions to
team members, stakeholders, or anyone involved in the problem-solving
process.
• By following these steps, you can create a clear and
structured flowchart that represents your solution to a
problem effectively.

• Flowcharts are valuable tools for documenting,

communicating, and analyzing problem-solving
processes in a visual and easily understandable format.
 FLOWCHART EXAMPLES
Draw a flowchart to find an element using binary search method
 FLOWCHART EXAMPLES

Draw a flowchart to find the simple interest. (Sequence)

 FLOWCHART EXAMPLES
Draw a flowchart to find bigger number among two numbers
(selective)
FLOWCHART EXAMPLES
Draw a flow chart to find factorial
of any number.
 FLOWCHART EXAMPLES

1. Draw a flow chart to print the number from 1 to N.

2. Draw a flow chart to find biggest number among N numbers.
Examples:
FLOWCHART EXAMPLES