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14 views

atp-adp

Uploaded by

Ericko Alegria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration

and Photosynthesis
ATP-ADP CYCLE

 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency used


throughout the cell.
 It provides energy for the cell to do work, such as
mechanical work, transport substances across the
membrane, and perform various chemical reactions.
 It is composed of phosphate groups, a ribose, and adenine.
 ATP is manufactured during processes
such as fermentation, cellular
respiration, and photosynthesis.
 The cells utilize ADP as a starting
molecule, then add phosphorus to it.
This process occurs in the cytoplasm
and mitochondria.
 When the mitochondria undergo
chemiosmotic phosphorylation, the
ADP is charged to form ATP.
 A unique feature of the mitochondrion is
its ability to produce an electrical
chemical gradient from the accumulated
H+ ions on the space between the inner
and outer membrane.
 As the charge builds up, an electrical
potential is generated to release the
energy and causes the flow of hydrogen
ions.
 This also leads to the attachment of an
enzyme to ADP that catalyzes the
addition of phosphorus to form ATP.
 In the process of ATP utilization, ATP
usually gives the phosphate to another
molecule so that the stored high
energy is released with the aid of
ATPase. The last phosphate will be cut
off from the bond during the molecule
into ADP.
 When large molecules are consumed
by an organism (e.g., carbohydrates
and lipids), these molecules are broken
down into simple derivatives. In this
process, energy is produced which is
then used to reattach the phosphate
to ADP.
 The new molecule that
received the phosphate group
is said to be phosphorylated.
 The phosphorylated, being
unstable, releases energy
again which repeats the bond-
breaking and bond-making
cycle.
Cellular Respiration

 This process is divided into glycosis,


pyruvate decarboxylation, Kreb’s cycle,
and electron transport chain (ETC).
 During this process, sugar (usually in the
form of glucose) is broken down into
carbon dioxide and water.
 The electron transport chain accepts the
electron from the breakdown products of
the Kreb’s cycle and glycolysis via the
NADH and FADH2.
 At the end of the chain, the electrons
are combined with hydrogen ions and
molecular oxygen to form water. This
process can produce ATP.
 During this process, the glucose
molecule is broken down and the carbon
atoms released from glucose are
combined with oxygen to produce
carbon dioxide.

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