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ExperimentalPsychology 7e Ch14 PowerPoint

The document outlines the four levels of measurement in statistics: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio, each with distinct properties and examples. It explains how the level of measurement influences the choice of statistical tests, with nonparametric tests suited for nominal or ordinal data and parametric tests for interval or ratio data. Additionally, it covers various statistical tests such as the chi-square test, t-tests, and analysis of variance, detailing their applications, interpretations, and significance.

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13 views29 pages

ExperimentalPsychology 7e Ch14 PowerPoint

The document outlines the four levels of measurement in statistics: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio, each with distinct properties and examples. It explains how the level of measurement influences the choice of statistical tests, with nonparametric tests suited for nominal or ordinal data and parametric tests for interval or ratio data. Additionally, it covers various statistical tests such as the chi-square test, t-tests, and analysis of variance, detailing their applications, interpretations, and significance.

Uploaded by

cesar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Which Test Do I Use?

Statistics for Two Group Experiments


The Chi Square Test
The t Test
Analyzing Multiple Groups and Factorial Experiments
Analysis of Variance
Sources of Variability
A One-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance
One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance
Analyzing Data from a Between-Subjects Factorial Experiment
Two-Way Analysis of Variance
Repeated Measures and Mixed Factorial Designs
Summarize the properties of the four levels of
measurement.

A nominal scale assigns items to two or more


distinct categories that can be named using a
shared feature, but does not quantify the items.

Example: you can sort pictures into attractive


and unattractive categories.

Which Test Do I Use?


Summarize the properties of the four levels of
measurement.

An ordinal scale measures the magnitude of


the DV using ranks.
This scale allows us to make statements about
contestants’ relative speed.
Example: marathon contestants are assigned
to places from first place to last place.

Which Test Do I Use?


Summarize the properties of the four levels of
measurement.

An interval scale measures the magnitude


of the DV using equal intervals between values
with no absolute zero point.
Example: Fahrenheit or Centigrade
temperatures, and Sarnoff and Zimbardo’s
0-100 scale.

Which Test Do I Use?


Summarize the properties of the four levels of
measurement.

A ratio scale measures the magnitude of the


DV using equal intervals between values and
an absolute zero.
This scale allows us to state that 2 meters are
twice as long as 1 meter.
Example: distance in meters or time in seconds.

Which Test Do I Use?


How does the level of measurement affect the test we use?

Nonparametric tests use nominal or ordinal


data.
Parametric tests require interval or ratio data.

Statistics for Two Group Experiments


When should we use the chi square test?

When the data are nominal and the groups


are independent, which means the experimenter
assigns different subjects to them.

Statistics for Two Group Experiments


What does it reveal?

The chi square test determines whether the


frequency of sample responses represents the
frequencies we would expect in the population.

Statistics for Two Group Experiments


Explain the meaning of the obtained (2 obt) and critical
values, and Cramer’s coefficient Φ?

The 2 obt is the actual frequency of responses.


The critical value is the minimum value required

to reject the null hypothesis.


Cramer’s coefficient Φ is analogous to r 2 and
indexes the degree of association between
priming and the number of incorrect responses.

Statistics for Two Group Experiments


Explain the meaning of the obtained (2 obt) and critical
values, and Cramer’s coefficient Φ?

If our sample included every member of the


population, we would have the maximum
possible degrees of freedom and would know the
exact population values of the mean and
variance.

Statistics for Two Group Experiments


How do we decide whether to accept or reject the null
hypothesis?

If 2 obt > 2 critical, reject the null hypothesis.

Statistics for Two Group Experiments


How does sample size affect the t test?

The sample size determines the degrees of


freedom.

There is a different t distribution for each value


of degrees of freedom.

The t Test
How does the t distribution change as sample size
increases?

The t distribution approaches a normal curve


as sample size increases.

The t Test
What does robustness mean?

The t test provides a valid test of the hypothesis


when assumptions like normal distribution of
population values are slightly to moderately
violated.

The t Test
When may we reject the null hypothesis?

We reject the null hypothesis when tobt > tcrit.


For 9 df, if tobt > 2.262, we would reject the null
hypothesis.

The t Test
Calculate an effect size for a t test for independent groups.

First, we calculate the t statistic (2.47) and then


we enter it into the following formula:

The t Test
Calculate an effect size for a t test for independent groups.

An r value of .50 is a large effect.


If we square r , which is .66, this reveals
that fun accounts for 44% of the variance
in the subjects’ time estimates.

The t Test
What is a t test for matched groups?

A t test for matched groups either assigns


the same subjects to both conditions or matches
subjects and then randomly assigns them to
either condition.

The t Test
What is a t test for matched groups?

A t test for matched groups may use fewer


subjects and achieve greater control over
individual differences than a t test for
independent groups.
This makes a t test for matched groups
potentially more powerful.

The t Test
When do we use an analysis of variance?

We use an analysis of variance when data


are interval or ratio level and there is at least
one independent variable with three or more
levels.

Analysis of Variance
What are within-groups variability and between-groups
variability?

Within-groups variability is the degree to


which the scores of subjects in the same
treatment group differ from each other.
Between-groups variability is the degree to
which the scores of different treatment groups
differ from one another or the grand mean.

Sources of Variability
What are the sources of within-groups variability and
between-groups variability?

Within-groups variability consists of error


due to individual differences and extraneous
variables.
Between-groups variability consists of error
due to individual differences and extraneous
variables and treatment effects.

Sources of Variability
What does it mean when an F ratio is statistically
significant?

Across all group means, there is a significant


difference due to the independent variable.

Sources of Variability
When may you reject the null hypothesis?

When F obtained > F critical.

A One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA


When is a post hoc test appropriate?

When an overall ANOVA is significant and you


have made no specific predictions, you may
perform post hoc tests on all pairs of treatment
groups.

Interpreting the Results


How many comparisons may we perform?

You may perform all possible pairwise


comparisons without increasing the risk
of Type 1 error.

Interpreting the Results


When may we use an a priori test?

We may use a priori tests to test predictions


of differences between groups, such as
between two groups or between one group
and the others.
The maximum number of comparisons = p – 1,
where p is the number of treatment groups.

Interpreting the Results


What is the advantage of an a priori test over a post hoc
test?

A priori tests are more powerful than post hoc


tests; but you may perform fewer a priori tests.

Interpreting the Results


Explain the concept of effect size.

Effect size measured by η2 is the proportion of


the variability in the dependent variable that can
be accounted for by the independent variable.
η2 indexes the strength of the relationship
between the independent and dependent
variables.

Interpreting the Results

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