Performance Tuning

SQL and PL/SQL

Presentation By
P. S. Mukesh Yadav and Suresh C Mishra

11/10/2008 VESL TECHNOLOGIES LTD 1

 Topics
• Tips in SQL
• Tips in PL/SQL

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 Tips in SQL
• Limit the use of sub queries; often they can
be replaced with a JOIN.
• Use EXISTS and more specific conditions in
the where clause instead of the DISTINCT
clause to eliminate duplicates.
• Never Mix Datatypes.Use character and
number appropriately according to the
usage.

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 Example of First Tip… SELECT ename FROM emp d
SELECT ename FROM emp WHERE EXISTS (
WHERE deptno IN SELECT e.deptno FROM emp e
(SELECT deptno FROM emp WHERE 1=1
WHERE comm = 10 and e.deptno = d.deptno
AND sal>4000); AND e.comm = 10
AND e.sal > 4000);

SELECT ename FROM emp e,dept d

WHERE e.deptno = d.deptno
AND e.comm = 10
AND e.sal > 4000

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 Example of Second Tip…
Ex :
select distinct SELECT
ooha.order_type_id,ooha. ooha.order_type_id,ooha.order_
number
order_number
FROM oe_order_headers_all
from ooha
oe_order_headers_all WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1
ooha,oe_transaction_type FROM oe_transaction_types_tl
s_tl ottt ottt
where WHERE ooha.order_type_id =
ooha.order_type_id = ottt.transaction_type_id);
ottt.transaction_type_id

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 Tips in SQL Contd..
• Avoid the use of NOT IN.Instead, a NOT
EXISTS sub query may run faster.
• Use Minus Operator instead of Exists sub
queries(Not in and Not Exists) results in
faster execution plan.
• Rewrite (negative(ex : not in)) sub queries as
outer joins to improve performance.
• Never use numbers in sorting.

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 Contd….
Ex :
SELECT * FROM EMP A WHERE DEPTNO NOT SELECT * FROM EMP A WHERE NOT EXISTS
IN (SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT WHERE (SELECT 1 FROM DEPT WHERE
DEPTNO=A.DEPTNO) DEPTNO=A.DEPTNO)

select * from SELECT aia.invoice_id

ap_invoices_all where invoice_id not in(select FROM ap_invoices_all aia,
invoice_id from ap_invoice_payments_all aipa
ap_invoice_payments_all WHERE aia.invoice_id = aipa.invoice_id(+);
)

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 Contd….
Ex :select * from
SELECT * FROM
ap_invoices_all where ap_invoices_all aia WHERE NOT
invoice_id not in(select EXISTS (SELECT * FROM
invoice_id from ap_invoice_payments_all WHERE
ap_invoice_payments_all invoice_id = aia.invoice_id)
)

select * from
ap_invoices_all
where invoice_id in
(select invoice_id from
ap_invoices_all
minus
select invoice_id from
ap_invoice_payments_all
)

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 Tips in SQL Contd..
• Avoid running a query in a loop.Make use of
UNION and execute it at the end of the loop.
• Avoid the LIKE predicate.Always replace
LIKE with = when appropriate.
• Use LIKE rather than the SUBSTR function.
• Avoid Where Column Like '%string'.
• Consider Indexes for Max() and Min().

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 Contd….
• Ex :
select * from select * from
dept where dname like dept where dname =
'RESEARCH' 'RESEARCH'

select ename from emp

select ename from emp
where
where ename like ‘X%’
substr(ename,1,1) = ‘X’

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 Tips in SQL Contd..
• Use Decode and Case for complex
aggregations.
• Use WHERE instead of HAVING.
• Use UNION ALL instead of UNION.
• Prefer using GROUP BY only when any
aggregate functions are present.
• Avoid usage of ‘TO_CHAR‘ and use ‘TRUNC‘
instead.

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 Contd….
• Ex : Ex :

SELECT E_Name FROM

SELECT E_Name FROM Employees_Norway UNION ALL
Employees_Norway UNION SELECT SELECT E_Name FROM
E_Name FROM Employees_USA Employees_USA

select * select *
from emp from emp
where to_char(emp_joindate, where emp_joindate < trunc
’mmddyyyy’) < to_char(sysdat (sysdate)
e,’mmddyyyy’)

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SELECT COUNT(*) SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM emp
WHERE status = 'Y'
FROM emp
WHERE status = 'N' Ex :
AND emp_name LIKE AND emp_name LIKE
'SMITH%'; 'SMITH%';
SELECT DEPTID,
SUM(SALARY)
FROM EMP
GROUP BY DEPTID
HAVING DEPTID = 100;

SELECT COUNT(DECODE(status, 'Y', 'X', NULL))

Y_count,
COUNT(DECODE(status, 'N', 'X', NULL))
N_count SELECT DEPTID,
FROM emp SUM(SALARY)
WHERE emp_name LIKE 'SMITH%';
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTID = 100
GROUP BY DEPTID;

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 Contd….
SELECT COUNT (*)
SELECT COUNT (*) SELECT COUNT (*)
FROM emp
FROM emp FROM emp
WHERE sal BETWEEN 2000
WHERE sal < 2000; WHERE sal>4000;
AND 4000;

SELECT COUNT (CASE WHEN sal < 2000

THEN 1 ELSE null END) count1,
COUNT (CASE WHEN sal BETWEEN 2001 AND 4000
THEN 1 ELSE null END) count2,
COUNT (CASE WHEN sal > 4000
THEN 1 ELSE null END) count3
FROM emp;

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 Tips in SQL Contd..
• Use NVL to check against a number instead
of the NULL value.
• Use <= 99 and >= 1 instead of < 100 and > 0
for faster comparisons.
• Avoid using functions on indexed columns.
• Use SET TIMING ON to test the execution
time of a slow query.
• Use EXPLAIN PLAN to view the execution
steps of a slow query.
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 Contd….
• Ex :
select cdl.* from
cs_incidents_all_b ciab,
jtf_tasks_b jtb,
jtf_task_assignments jta,
csf_debrief_headers cdh,
csf_debrief_lines cdl
where ciab.incident_id = jtb.source_object_id
and jtb.task_id = jta.task_id
and jta.task_assignment_id = cdh.task_assignment_id
and cdh.debrief_header_id = cdl.debrief_header_id
and ciab.incident_number = '1097852'

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 Contd….

Operation Object Name Rows Bytes Cost Object Node In/Out PStart PStop

SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer Mode=CHOOSE 4 1134

TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID CSF_DEBRIEF_LINES 3 414 3
NESTED LOOPS 4 776 1134
NESTED LOOPS 1 56 1131
NESTED LOOPS 1 42 1129
NESTED LOOPS 1 22 1126
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID CS_INCIDENTS_ALL_B 1 12 4
INDEX UNIQUE SCAN CS_INCIDENTS_U2 1 2
TABLE ACCESS FULL JTF_TASKS_B 1 10 1122
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID JTF_TASK_ASSIGNMENTS 1 20 3
INDEX RANGE SCAN JTF_TASK_ASSIGNMENTS_N2 2 2
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID CSF_DEBRIEF_HEADERS 1 14 2
INDEX RANGE SCAN CSF_DEBRIEF_HEADERS_N1 1 1
INDEX RANGE SCAN CSF_DEBRIEF_LINES_N1 4 2

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 Contd….
Ex : select sys.resourceID,
sys.client_version0
from dbo.v_R_System as sys
where UPPER(netbios_name0) =
'COMPUTER'

select sys.resourceID,
sys.client_version0
from dbo.v_R_System as sys
where netbios_name0 =
'COMPUTER’

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 Tips in SQL Contd..
• Remove unnecessary large full table scans.
• Minimize outer joins and use them only if
necessary.
• Only use CHAR for data that must be an exact
length such as phone numbers or gender
identification fields because it pads variable
length data with white-space that will cause
string comparisons to fail.

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 Tips in SQL Contd..
• Use an indexed column or primary key
column when counting rows.
• Avoid unnecessary sorting.
• Always better to use base tables instead of
views.
• If a view is in a query,try to optimize the view
first before optimizing the query.
• Always place all the hard-coded values at the
end of a query.
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 Contd….
• Ex :

select
select count(*)
count(emp _id) from
From emp
emp;

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 Tips in SQL Contd..
• Using the indexes carefully.
• Position of Tables in the proper order.
• Sequence of Joins in the Where Clause.
• Put the queries as simple as possible.
• Avoid using of NOT when ever dealing with
Indexed Columns.
• Avoid usage of ! Operator use > instead.
• Always use a column list in your INSERT
statements.

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 Contd….
Ex :
select * select *
from emp from emp
where emp_id != where emp_id > 0
007

INSERT INTO
EuropeanCountries
INSERT INTO
(CountryID,
EuropeanCountries
CountryName)
VALUES (1, 'Ireland')
VALUES (1, 'England')

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 Tips in SQL Contd..
• Make Use of rownum.
• To Check Duplicate Data in a Query.
• Use SQL standards and conventions to
reduce parsing.
• Make sure to do INSERT,UPDATE and DELETE
operations prior checking the data with a
SELECT statement with proper conditions in
the where clause.
• Recheck whether any joins are missing.
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 Contd….
Ex :

SELECT DOCUMENT_NO,COUNT(*)

FROM documents
GROUP BY DOCUMENT_NO
HAVING
COUNT(*) > 1;

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 Tips in SQL Contd..
• Use Column Names instead of * in a SELECT
Statement.
• Use an index on the most queried columns in
SELECT, WHERE, and JOIN statements.
• Use BETWEEN instead of IN.
• Make sure all joined tables have a matching
join condition.
• Make sure columns selected from multiple
tables are dereferenced by an alias.

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 Contd….
• Ex :

SELECT empno FROM emp WHERE

empno IN (508858, 508859, SELECT empno FROM emp WHERE
508860, 508861,508862, 508863, empno BETWEEN 508858 and
508864) 508864

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 Tips in SQL Contd..
• Call Functions in SQL Queries.
• Minimize Table Lookups in a Query.
• Use where instead of Order By.
• Never do a calculation on an indexed column.
• Give the names from _tl tables instead of
hard-coding the id.Ex : Status
• Add Who Columns for any new table created
for easier archiving.

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 Contd….
Ex :
select tab_name from tables where select tab_name from tables where
tab_name = (select tab_name from (tab_name, db_ver) = (select
tab_columns where version = 604) and tab_name,db_ver from tab_columns
db_ver = (select db_ver from tab_columns where version = 604)
where version = 604)

update emp set emp_cat = (select update emp set (emp_cat , sal )=
max(category) from
(select max(category),
emp_categories),sal = (select
max(salrange) from max(salrange) from
emp_categories)where emp_dept = emp_categories) Where
20 emp_dept = 20

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 Contd….
Ex :
select * from emp select * from emp
where where
sal*12>25000 sal>25000/12

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 Tips in SQL Contd..
• Use sub queries and joins instead of multiple
separate queries.
• Use >= instead of >
• Use Union in place of OR for Indexed
Columns.
• Use the EXISTS clause or = operator instead
of the IN clause whenever you need a single
record.

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 Contd….
Ex :
select * from select * from
oe_order_headers_all oe_order_headers_all
where order_number>3 where order_number>=4

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 Tips in SQL Contd..
• Avoid IS NULL & IS NOT NULL on Indexed
Columns.Use >=0 if necessary.
• Use a system generated ID as the primary
key to avoid duplicates.
• Use Optimizer Hints.
• Generate a tkprof and observe the trace file.
• Focus on critical transactions(Production
Data)..

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 Contd….
Ex : /*+index(t1) index(t2)……..index(tn)*/
/*+FULL(t1) FULL(t2)……FULL(tn)*/
/*+OPTIMIZER_GOAL=CHOOSE*/
/*+OPTIMIZER_GOAL=FIRST_ROWS*/
/*+ORDERED*/
/*+RULE*/
/*+OPTIMIZER_GOAL=ALL_ROWS*/
/*+OPTIMIZER_GOAL=ORDERED*/
/*+OPTIMIZER_GOAL=RULE*/
/*+USE_NL(t1,t2,t3,t4,t5,t6) ORDERED */

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 Tips in PL/SQL
• Break the piece of code into small blocks to
achieve modularity.
• Grouping related logic as a single block.
• Use Packages for each major functionality.
• Avoid hard-coding.

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 Tips in PL/SQL Contd..

• Follow PL/SQL Coding standards for

procedures, variables, table types,rec types,
functions and packages.
• Encapsulate your SQL.
• Avoid repeating the SQL in different places.
• Exception Handling.
• Usage of Bind Variables and Global Variables.
• Make Function Calls efficiently.

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 Tips in PL/SQL Contd..
• Use BULK COLLECT when there is huge
amount of data to be fetched from a select
query in a cursor.
• Use FOR ALL.
• Use Bulk Bind.
• Reorder Conditional Tests to put the Least
Expensive First.
• Logic in a simplest way.
• Usage of End Labels.
• Avoid usage of mutating tables.

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 Contd….
• Ex :
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_a_mess_o_emps
(deptno_in IN dept.depno%TYPE)
RETURN emplist_t
IS
emplist emplist_t := emplist_t();
TYPE numTab IS TABLE OF NUMBER;
TYPE charTab IS TABLE OF VARCHAR2(12);
TYPE dateTab IS TABLE OF DATE;
enos numTab;
names charTab;
hdates dateTab;
BEGIN
SELECT empno, ename, hiredate
BULK COLLECT INTO enos, names, hdates
FROM emp
WHERE deptno = deptno_in;
emplist.EXTEND(enos.COUNT);
FOR i IN enos.FIRST..enos.LAST
LOOP
emplist(i) := emp_t(enos(i),
names(i), hiredates(i));
END LOOP;
RETURN emplist;
END;

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 Contd….
• Ex :
PROCEDURE reality_meets_dotcoms (deptlist dlist_t)
IS
BEGIN
FORALL aDept IN deptlist.FIRST..deptlist.LAST
DELETE emp WHERE deptno = deptlist(aDept);
END;

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 Tips in PL/SQL Contd..
• Use Anchored declaration during declaration of
variables.
• Reduce N/w traffic.
• Make use of ‘user_’ tables or views in the custom
packages.
• Use Standard Public Apis.
• Group related sub-programs in a Package.
• Make use of Optimizer Hints.

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 Tips in PL/SQL Contd..
• Make use of the apis being called in the
standard forms of Oracle Applications.
• Minimize Datatype Conversions.
• Use of CASE statements, is a much better
alternative to nested if-elsif statements.
• Declare Local Variables – Oracle Datatype.
• Make Loops as Efficient as Possible.

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 Tips in PL/SQL Contd..
• Use of pls_integer to declare integers and
binary_float or binary_double for floating
point.
• Replace and simplify IF statements with
Boolean expressions.
• Never exit from a FOR or WHILE loops.
• Never declare the FOR loop index (either an
integer or a record).
• Minimize the function Calls.
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 Contd……
 Unit Testing.
 Debugging.
 Analysis on the Exceptions.
 Test Cases.

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 Contd…

Thank You

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