ABSTRACT (CONTD…)

•
The project focuses on developing an IoT-based system for forest fire prediction
by integrating Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Machine Learning (ML).
• The system consists of two identical wireless sensor nodes and a base node.
Each wireless sensor node is equipped with an ESP32 microcontroller, as well
as fire, smoke, and temperature sensors, to continuously monitor
environmental parameters in real-time.
• These nodes communicate with the base node using the HC-12 wireless
module. The base node, also based on ESP32, acts as a centralized hub to
collect data from both wireless nodes.
• The collected data is then uploaded to the ThingSpeak cloud for further
analysis.
ABSTRACT
• A Machine Learning model fetches this environmental data from the
cloud and performs predictive analysis to detect potential forest fire
hazards.
• By leveraging data trends and sensor readings, the ML model identifies
conditions conducive to fires and enables early warning systems.
• This system aims to provide a scalable and efficient solution for forest
fire management, offering real-time monitoring, robust
communication, and intelligent analysis.
• It is designed to mitigate the devastating impacts of forest fires by
empowering authorities with timely and actionable insights.
Introduction (CONTD…)
• Forest fires pose a significant threat to ecosystems, biodiversity, and human lives. Early
detection and prediction of forest fires are critical to minimizing their impact and preventing
large-scale disasters.
• This project addresses this challenge by leveraging IoT-based Wireless Sensor Networks
(WSN) and Machine Learning (ML) for real-time monitoring and predictive analysis of forest
fire risks.
• The system comprises two wireless sensor nodes and a base node, designed to operate
seamlessly in remote forest areas.
• By integrating advanced sensors and communication technologies, the system enables
continuous monitoring of key environmental parameters such as temperature, smoke, and
fire indicators.
• Each wireless sensor node in the system is equipped with an ESP32 microcontroller, along
with fire, smoke, and temperature sensors. These nodes collect real-time data and transmit it
wirelessly to a base node using the HC-12 wireless module.
Introduction
• The base node serves as a central hub for data aggregation and uploads the collected
information to the ThingSpeak cloud.
• This decentralized approach ensures reliable data collection even in challenging forest
terrains, where traditional monitoring systems may fail.
• The ability to monitor environmental changes remotely enhances the efficiency of forest
management and reduces response times to potential fire hazards.
• The data uploaded to the ThingSpeak cloud is processed using a Machine Learning model,
which analyzes patterns and trends to predict the likelihood of a forest fire.
• The ML model evaluates various factors, such as rising temperatures, increased smoke levels,
and fire sensor activity, to generate actionable insights. This predictive capability empowers
forest authorities with timely alerts, enabling proactive measures to prevent fire outbreaks.
• By integrating IoT and ML, this project offers an intelligent, scalable, and cost-effective
solution to one of the most pressing environmental challenges.
Problem Statement

• Forest fires are a major environmental and economic challenge, causing

widespread destruction to ecosystems, wildlife, and human settlements.
• Traditional fire detection methods, such as satellite imaging or manual
monitoring, often result in delayed responses, leading to uncontrollable
outbreaks.
• The lack of real-time data and predictive capabilities makes it difficult for
authorities to anticipate and prevent fires effectively. Additionally, remote forest
locations present challenges in deploying and maintaining conventional
monitoring systems.
• There is a critical need for an intelligent, real-time, and scalable solution that can
monitor environmental parameters, predict potential fire hazards, and provide
timely alerts to mitigate the devastating impacts of forest fires.
Scope of the Project
• SThe scope of this project encompasses the design and implementation of an IoT-based
system for forest fire prediction using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Machine
Learning (ML).
• It includes the deployment of two wireless sensor nodes and a base node for real-time
monitoring of environmental parameters such as temperature, smoke, and fire indicators.
• The project leverages the HC-12 wireless module for reliable data transmission and uses
the ESP32 microcontroller for efficient processing. Data from the sensors is uploaded to
the ThingSpeak cloud, where a Machine Learning model analyzes it to predict potential
fire risks.
• This system is scalable, enabling its deployment in various forest regions, and offers
remote monitoring capabilities for better accessibility. By providing early warnings and
actionable insights, the project aims to enhance forest fire management, reduce
response times, and minimize the environmental and economic impacts of forest fires.
Objectives
1.To develop a real-time forest fire monitoring system using IoT-based
Wireless Sensor Networks.
2.To collect and transmit environmental data such as temperature,
smoke, and fire indicators to a centralized base node.
3.To utilize cloud platforms like ThingSpeak for data storage and
Machine Learning for predictive analysis.
4.To provide timely alerts and actionable insights to mitigate the risks
of forest fires.
Motivation
• Forest fires have devastating consequences on ecosystems, biodiversity, and human
communities, often resulting in irreversible damage and loss of resources.
• The increasing frequency and intensity of such incidents due to climate change
highlight the urgent need for effective prevention and mitigation strategies.
• Traditional monitoring methods are often inadequate, as they lack real-time
capabilities and predictive accuracy, leading to delayed responses.
• The motivation for this project stems from the desire to leverage modern
technologies like IoT and Machine Learning to address these challenges.
• By developing a system that combines real-time monitoring, wireless
communication, and intelligent prediction, this project aims to provide a proactive
solution to forest fire management, protecting natural habitats and reducing the
economic and environmental impact of fires.
ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM
Components

• :Wireless Sensor Nodes (Node 1 and Node 2):

• Each node consists of:
• ESP32 Microcontroller: The central unit that collects
data from the sensors and communicates with the
base node.
• Fire Sensor: Detects the presence of fire.
• Smoke Sensor: Measures smoke levels in the
environment.
• Temperature Sensor: Monitors ambient
temperature.
• These nodes operate independently to gather real-
time environmental data.
• Base Node:
• Contains:
• ESP32 Microcontroller: Aggregates data from both wireless sensor nodes.
• HC-12 Wireless Module: Enables communication between the wireless sensor nodes and the base node.
• The base node uploads all collected data to the ThingSpeak Cloud for storage and further analysis.

• ThingSpeak Cloud:
• Acts as the data storage platform where all sensor data from the base node is uploaded. It also serves as the source of input data for
the Machine Learning (ML) model.
• Machine Learning Model:
• Fetches sensor data from the ThingSpeak Cloud.
• Analyzes trends and patterns to predict forest fire risks.
• Generates alerts and insights for the user.
User
• The end-user (e.g., forest authorities) interacts with the system to receive predictions
and alerts, enabling timely decision-making.
• Interactions:
• Sensor Nodes to Base Node:
• Both wireless sensor nodes transmit collected data (fire, smoke, and temperature readings)
to the base node using the HC-12 wireless module.
• Base Node to ThingSpeak Cloud:
• The base node uploads aggregated data to the ThingSpeak Cloud using a WiFi connection.
• ThingSpeak Cloud to Machine Learning Model:
• The ML model retrieves the sensor data stored in the cloud for analysis and prediction.
• Machine Learning Model to User:
• Based on the analyzed data, the ML model provides predictions and alerts to the user,
facilitating proactive measures against potential forest fires.
Software Requirements
1. Arduino IDE
1. For programming the ESP32 microcontrollers and uploading the code.
2. ThingSpeak Platform
1. For cloud-based data storage and visualization.
3. Python
1. For implementing the Machine Learning model to analyze data fetched from the cloud.
4. ML Libraries
1. Libraries like Pandas, NumPy, Scikit-learn, TensorFlow, or Keras for data analysis and model training.
5. HC-12 Module Communication Library
1. For enabling wireless communication between sensor nodes and the base node.
6. Visualization Tools
1. For visualizing ML results and trends (e.g., Matplotlib or Seaborn).
7. Data Integration APIs
1. For integrating ThingSpeak data with the ML model.
Hardware Requirements
1. ESP32 Microcontroller (3 Units) 6. Power Supply
1. Two for the wireless sensor nodes and one for the 1. Batteries or adapters to power the ESP32 and
base node. sensors.
2. HC-12 Wireless Modules (3 Units) 7. WiFi Module
1. For wireless communication between the nodes and 1. Integrated within ESP32 for uploading data to the
the base node. ThingSpeak cloud.
3. Fire Sensors (2 Units) 8. Base Node Setup
1. To detect fire presence at each sensor node. 1. Including ESP32, HC-12 module, and connections for
reliable data aggregation.
4. Smoke Sensors (2 Units)
1. To measure smoke levels at each sensor node. 9. Laptop or Desktop
1. For coding, data analysis, and running the ML model.
5. Temperature Sensors (2 Units)
1. To monitor the ambient temperature at each sensor 10.Cables and Connectors
node. 1. For powering devices and making sensor
connections.
CONCLUSION
• In conclusion, this project successfully demonstrates the integration of IoT-based
Wireless Sensor Networks and Machine Learning for forest fire prediction.
• By leveraging real-time environmental data from sensors like fire, smoke, and
temperature, the system provides continuous monitoring and early detection of
potential fire hazards.
• The use of ESP32 microcontrollers, wireless communication through HC-12 modules,
and cloud storage via ThingSpeak ensures reliable data transmission and accessibility.
• The machine learning model, trained on collected data, enhances predictive
accuracy, offering actionable insights to mitigate the devastating impacts of forest
fires.
• This system not only improves forest management and response times but also
contributes to sustainable and proactive environmental protection.