MODULES IN PYTHON

Introduction
• A book is generally divided into chapters. Why?

• If it is not divided into chapters, reading will be boring and problematic.

• Similarly, a big program is generally divided into small units, which are
known as modules.

• The process of dividing a big program into small modules is known

as modularity.

• A module is itself an individual unit.

Advantages

• Modularity decreases complexity of a

program.

• Modularity splits the lengthy program into

small and manageable subprograms and
set documented boundary between each.
• Modularity also enhance the capability of
Reusability .
Definition
▪A module is a python file (.py) containing
a collection of function definitions ,
variables and constants.

▪To use a module, we need to import the module.

▪For that , we use the keyword import
Structure of Python Module

• A Python Module contains several things other than functions.

• A Python file (.py file) can contain following objects-

❖ Docstring : Triple Quoted comments which are important for
documentation.
❖ Variables and constants : labels for data .
❖ Classes : Blue print for objects.
❖ Objects : Instances of classes.
❖ Statements : Instructions
❖ Functions :Group of instructions
Python Module -Structure

docString starts and ends with triple quotes

“”””.

This module has 2 functions and 2 docstrings.|

Importing module.

Using object of module.

Importing modules to Python
Program
▪To use a module, we need to import the module. Once we import a module,
we can directly use all the functions of that module. The syntax of import
statement is as follows:
▪ import modulename1 [,modulename2, …]
Eg : import math
▪This gives us access to all the functions in the module(s). To call a function of
a module, the function name should be preceded with the name of the module
with a dot(.) as a separator. The syntax is as shown below:
▪ modulename.functionname()

▪ Eg : print(math.sqrt(144))
Built-in Modules
▪Python library has many built-in modules that are easy to use for
the programmers. Some commonly used modules and the
frequently used functions that are found in those modules are
listed below:
⮚ math
⮚ random
⮚ statistics
Math Module

▪It contains different types of mathematical functions.

▪Most of the functions in this module return a float

value.
▪In order to use the math module we need to import it
using the following statement:
import math
 Functions in math module
Sl. No Function Prototype Description Example
(General form)

1 sqrt math.sqrt(x) square root of x >>> math.sqrt(144)

x may be a positive integer or 12.0
floating point number >>>>>> math.sqrt(.64)
0.8

2 pow math.pow(x,y) xy (x raised to the power y) >>> math.pow(3,2)

9.0
x, y may be an integer or >>> math.pow(4,2.5)
floating point number 32.0
>>> math.pow(6.5,2)
42.25
>>> math.pow(5.5,3.2)
233.97

3 ceil math.ceil(x) ceiling value of x >>> math.ceil(-9.7)

-9
x may be an integer or floating >>> math.ceil (9.7)
point number 10
>>> math.ceil(9)
9
 Functions in math module
Sl. No Functio Prototype Description Example
n (General form)
4 floor math.floor(x) floor value of x >>> math.floor(-4.5)
x may be an integer or floating -5
point number >>> math.floor(4.5)
4
>>> math.floor(4)
4

5 sin math.sin(x) sine of x in radians >>> math.sin(0)

x may be an integer or floating 0
point number in radians >>> math.sin(6)
-0.279

6 cos math.cos(x) cosine of x in radians >>> math.cos(0)

x may be an integer or floating 1
point number in radians >>> math.cos(60)
-0.95241
Sl. No Function Prototype Description Example
/ (General
constant form)
7 tan math.tan(x) Tangent of x in radians >>> math.tan(0)
x may be an integer or floating point 0
number in radians >>> math.tan(90)
-1.9952

8 fabs math.fabs(x) absolute value of x >>> math.fabs(6.7)

x may be an integer or 6.7
floating point number >>> math.fabs(-6.7)
6.7
>>> math.fabs(-4)
4.0

9 pi math.pi Return the constant value of pi >>> math.pi

3.141592653……
(available precision)

10 e math.e Return the constant value of e >>> math.e

2.7182818……
(available precision)
Random Module

▪This module contains functions that are used for generating

random numbers.
▪For using this module, we can import it using the following
statement:
import random
 Functions in random module
Sl. No Function Prototype Description Example
(General form)

1 random random.random() Random Real Number >>> random.random()

(float) in the range 0.0 to 1.0 0.65333522
2 randint random.randint(x,y) Random integer between x and >>> random.randint(3,7)
y where x, y are integers such 4
that >>> random.randint(-3,5)
x <= y 1
>>> random.randint(-5,-3)
-5.0
3 randrange random.randrange(y) Random integer between 0 and >>> random.randrange(5)
y where y is a positive integer 4
signifying the end value

random.randrange(x,y) Random integer between x and >>> random.randrange(3,7)

y where x and y are positive 5
integers signifying
the start and end value
Statistics Module

▪This module provides functions for calculating statistics of numeric

(Real-valued) data.
▪It can be included in the program by using the following statements:
import statistics
 Functions in statistics module

Sl. No Function Prototype Description Example

(General form)

1 mean statistics.mean(x) Arithmetic mean >>> statistics.

Where x is a numeric mean([11,24,32,45,51])
sequence
32.6

2 median statistics.median(x) Median (middle value) of x >>>statistics.

where x is a numeric sequence median([11,24,32,45,51])

32

3 mode statistics.mode(x) Mode (the most repeated >>> statistics.

value) in x where x is a mode([11,24,11,45,11])
sequence 11
>>> statistics.
mode(("red","blue","red"))
'red'
Points to be noted while using a module

1. import statement can be written anywhere in the program

2. A Module must be imported only once in a program
3. In order to get a list of modules available in Python, we can use the
following statement:
>>> help("module")
Example
>>> help("math")
Importing modules using from statement

Importing module can be done using from statement so that

only specific functions / attributes can be included in other programs.
Syntax :
▪ from modulename import functionname [, functionname, ...]
Example:
from math import sqrt
Example 1.
>>> from random import random
>>> random() #Function called without the module name
Output:
0.9796352504608387

Example 2.
>>> from math import ceil, sqrt
>>> value = ceil(624.7) #Function called without the module name
>>> sqrt(value)
Output:
25.0