Arrays

Single-Dimensional Arrays
 Generic declaration:
typename variablename[size]
– typename is any type
– variablename is any legal variable name
– size is a number the compiler can figure out
– For example
int a[10];
– Defines an array of ints with subscripts ranging from 0 to 9
– There are 10*sizeof(int) bytes of memory reserved for this
array.

a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4] a[5] a[6] a[7] a[8] a[9]

– You can use a[0]=10; x=a[2]; a[3]=a[2]; etc.

– You can use scanf("%d",&a[3]);
 Using Constants to Define Arrays
 It is useful to define arrays using constants:
#define MONTHS 12
int array [MONTHS];

 However, in ANSI C, you cannot

int n;
scanf(“%d”, &n);
int array[n];
 In GNU C, the variable length array is allowed.
 In ANSI C, the handling of variable length array is more
complicated.
 Array-Bounds Checking
 C, unlike many languages, does NOT check array
bounds subscripts during:
– Compilation (some C compilers will check literals)
– Runtime (bounds are never checked)
 If you access off the ends of any array, it will calculate
the address it expects the data to be at, and then
attempts to use it anyways
– may get “something…”
– may get a memory exception (segmentation fault, bus error,
core dump error)
 It is the programmer’s responsibility to ensure that their
programs are correctly written and debugged!
– This does have some advantages but it does give you all the
rope you need to hang yourself!
 Initializing Arrays
 Initialization of arrays can be done by a comma
separated list following its definition.
 For example:
int array [4] = { 100, 200, 300, 400 };
– This is equivalent to:
int array [4];
array[0] = 100;
array[1] = 200;
array[2] = 300;
array[3] = 400;
 You can also let the compiler figure out the array size
for you:
int array[] = { 100, 200, 300, 400};
 A Simple Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
float expenses[12]={10.3, 9, 7.5, 4.3, 10.5, 7.5, 7.5, 8, 9.9,
10.2, 11.5, 7.8};
int count,month;
float total;
for (month=0, total=0.0; month < 12; month++)
{
total+=expenses[month];
}
for (count=0; count < 12; count++)
printf ("Month %d = %.2f K$\n", count+1, expenses[count]);
printf("Total = %.2f K$, Average = %.2f K$\n", total, total/12);
return 0;
}
 Multidimensional Arrays
 Arrays in C can have virtually as many dimensions as
you want.
 Definition is accomplished by adding additional
subscripts when it is defined.
 For example:
– int a [4] [3] ;
 defines a two dimensional array
 a is an array of int[3];

 In memory:

a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2]

a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3]

 Initializing Multidimensional Arrays
 The following initializes a[4][3]:
int a[4] [3] = { {1, 2, 3} , { 4, 5, 6} , {7, 8, 9} , {10, 11, 12} };
 Also can be done by:
int a[4] [3] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 };
– is equivalent to
a[0][0] = 1;
a[0][1] = 2;
a[0][2] = 3;
a[1][0] = 4;
...
a[3][2] = 12;
 An Example
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main () {
int random1[8][8];
int a, b;
for (a = 0; a < 8; a++)
for (b = 0; b < 8; b++)
random1[a][b] = rand()%2;
for (a = 0; a < 8; a++)
{
for (b = 0; b < 8; b++)
printf ("%c " , random1[a][b] ? 'x' : 'o');
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}
 The value of the array name
#include <stdio.h> for (i=0; i<3; i++) {
int main(){ printf( "a[%d] <- ",i);
int i; scanf( "%d", &a[i]);
int a[3] = { 1, 2, 3 }; }
printf( "a ? %d\n", a); printf( "a ? %d\n", a);
printf( "a[0] ? %d\na[1] ? %d\na[2] printf( "a[0] ? %d\na[1] ? %d\na[2]
? %d\n", a[0], a[1], a[2]); ? %d\n", a[0], a[1], a[2]);
printf( "&a[0] ? %d\n&a[1] ? %d\ printf( "&a[0] ? %d\n&a[1] ? %d\
n&a[2] ? %d\n", &a[0], &a[1], n&a[2] ? %d\n", &a[0], &a[1],
&a[2]); &a[2]);
}
printf( "\na[0] <- 4 \n");
a[0] = 4;  When the array name is used
printf( "a ? %d\n", a); alone, its value is the
printf( "a[0] ? %d\na[1] ? %d\na[2] address of the array (a
? %d\n", a[0], a[1], a[2]); pointer to its address).
printf( "&a[0] ? %d\n&a[1] ? %d\
n&a[2] ? %d\n\n", &a[0], &a[1],
 &a has no meaning if used
&a[2]); in this program.
 Arrays as Function Parameters
 In this program, the array void inc_array(int a[ ],int size);
addresses (i.e., the values of main()
the array names), are passed
to the function inc_array(). {
 This does not conflict with int test[3]={1,2,3};
the rule that “parameters are int ary[4]={1,2,3,4};
passed by values”. int i;
void inc_array(int a[ ], int size) inc_array(test,3);
{ for(i=0;i<3;i++)
int i; printf("%d\n",test[i]);
for(i=0;i<size;i++) inc_array(ary,4);
{ for(i=0;i<4;i++)
a[i]++; printf("%d\n",ary[i]);
} return 0;
} }
 An Example -- Sorting
void mysort(int a[ ],int size) int main()
{ {
int i,j,x;
for(i=0; i<size; i++) int i;
{ int tab[10] = {3,6,3,5,9,2,4,5,6,0};
for(j=i; j>0; j--)
{ for(i=0;i<10;i++)
if(a[ j ] < a[ j-1]) printf("%d ",tab[i]);
{ /* Change the order of a[ j ] and
a[ j-1] */
x=a[ j ];a[ j ]=a[ j-1]; a[j-1]=x; printf("\n");
} mysort(tab,10);
}
}
} for(i=0;i<10;i++)
printf("%d ",tab[i]);

printf("\n");
return 0;
}