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Lecture_1 database

The document provides an overview of databases, defining key concepts such as data, information, metadata, and the structure of databases including records and files. It discusses the limitations of traditional file processing systems and introduces the database approach as a solution, highlighting its advantages like improved data sharing and reduced maintenance. Additionally, it covers elements of the database environment, including relational databases, data models, and the impact of web-enabled databases on business applications.

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4 views

Lecture_1 database

The document provides an overview of databases, defining key concepts such as data, information, metadata, and the structure of databases including records and files. It discusses the limitations of traditional file processing systems and introduces the database approach as a solution, highlighting its advantages like improved data sharing and reduced maintenance. Additionally, it covers elements of the database environment, including relational databases, data models, and the impact of web-enabled databases on business applications.

Uploaded by

goliemate
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 35

Chapter 1:

The Database
Environment

1
Definitions

 Data

Stored representations of meaningful


objects and events

 Structured: numbers, text, dates


 Unstructured: images, video,

documents

2
3
Definitions
 Information

Processed data to increase


knowledge.

4
Graphical displays turn data into
useful information that managers
can use for decision making and 5
Definitions
 Metadata

Data that describes the properties


and context of user data

6
Descriptions of the properties or
characteristics of the data, including data
types, field sizes, allowable values, and
data context
7
Definitions
 Character

The smallest unit in data organization

 Field / attribute

A group of related characters.

8
Definitions
 Record

A group of related fields

 File

A group of related records

9
Definitions
 Database

An organized collection of logically


related data.

10
File processing systems

To be useful for business


applications, data are stored in files.

Computer file processing systems


were developed to manipulate and
retrieve data files.
Each user defines and implements
the files needed for his specific
application.
11
In file processing systems, each
program or application that is
developed is designed to meet the
needs of a particular requesting
department or user group.

As business applications became


more complex, it became evident
that the traditional file processing
systems had limitations.

12
Disadvantages of File
Processing
 Program-Data Dependence
 All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
 Duplication of Data
 Different systems/programs have separate copies of the
same data
 Limited Data Sharing
 No centralized control of data
 Lengthy Development Times
 Programmers must design their own file formats
 Excessive Program Maintenance
 80% of information systems budget

13
Duplicate Data

14
SOLUTION:
The DATABASE Approach
 Central repository of shared data
 Data is managed by a controlling

agent
 Stored in a standardized,

convenient form

Requires a Database Management System (DBMS

15
Database Management
provide controlled System
 A software system that is used to create, maintain, and
access to user databases

Order Filing
System

Invoicing Central database


DBMS
System
Contains employee,
order, inventory,
pricing, and
Payroll
customer data
System

DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages


hardware resources
16
Advantages of the Database
Approach
 Program-data independence
 Planned data redundancy
 Improved data consistency
 Improved data sharing
 Increased application development
productivity
 Enforcement of standards
 Reduced program maintenance
17
Elements of the Database
Approach
 Data models

 Graphical system used to capture the


nature and relationships among data

18
Elements of the Database
Approach
 Relational Databases

 Database technology involving tables


(relations) representing entities and
primary/foreign keys representing
relationships

19
Elements of the Database
Approach
 Use of Internet Technology

 Networks and telecommunications,


distributed databases, client-server, and
3-tier architectures
 Database Applications

 Application programs used to perform


database activities (create, read, update,
and delete) for database users
20
Definitions
 Entity

A person, place, object, or event


in the user environment about
which the organization wishes to
maintain data.

21
Segment of an
Enterprise Data Model

22
Segment of a Project-Level Data Model

23
One customer
may place many
orders, but each
order is placed by
a single customer
 One-to-many
relationship

24
One order has
many order lines;
each order line is
associated with a
single order
 One-to-many
relationship

25
One product can
be in many
order lines, each
order line refers
to a single
product
 One-to-many
relationship

26
Therefore, one
order involves
many products
and one product is
involved in many
orders

 Many-to-many
relationship

27
Components of the Database Environment

28
 Web-Enabled Databases

29
Table 1-6 Summary of Database Applications

30
31
Figure 1-7 Workgroup database with wireless
local area network

32
Enterprise Database
Applications
 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
 Integrate all enterprise functions
(manufacturing, finance, sales, marketing,
inventory, accounting, human resources)
 Data Warehouse
 Integrated decision support system derived
from various operational databases

33
Web-Enabled Databases:-
Very successful companies have been shaken by
competition from new businesses that have employed
the Internet to improved customer information and
service, to eliminate traditional marketing channels and
distribution channels, and to implement employee
relationship management.

Each of these applications requires database support,


and many applications require universal access.

When a database is Web-enabled, the Web browser


interface enables users to ask unique and specific
questions and receive answers based on current
information.

Companies are scrambling to collect information about


34
Assignment

 Please write everything about


Blockchain technology.

35

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