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Lecture 4 SQL Ddl

Chapter 6 introduces SQL, detailing its history, purpose, and components such as Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML), and Data Control Language (DCL). It covers the importance of SQL standards for relational database management, including the establishment of referential integrity and the creation of database schemas and tables. The chapter also outlines the steps for table creation and the significance of data integrity controls.

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Prakshi Choudhary
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4 views

Lecture 4 SQL Ddl

Chapter 6 introduces SQL, detailing its history, purpose, and components such as Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML), and Data Control Language (DCL). It covers the importance of SQL standards for relational database management, including the establishment of referential integrity and the creation of database schemas and tables. The chapter also outlines the steps for table creation and the significance of data integrity controls.

Uploaded by

Prakshi Choudhary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

CHAPTER 6:

INTRODUCTION TO SQL

Modern Database Management


12th Edition
Jeff Hoffer, Ramesh Venkataraman,
Heikki Topi

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.


OBJECTIVES

 Define terms
 Interpret history and role of SQL
 Define a database using SQL data
definition language
 Write single table queries using SQL
 Establish referential integrity using
SQL
 Discuss SQL:1999 and SQL:2011
standards
Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-2
SQL OVERVIEW

 Structured Query Language – often


pronounced “Sequel”

 The standard for relational database


management systems (RDBMS)

 RDBMS: A database management


system that manages data as a
collection of tables in which all
relationships are represented by
common values in related tables
Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-3
HISTORY OF SQL

 1970–E. F. Codd develops relational database


concept
 1974-1979–System R with Sequel (later SQL)
created at IBM Research Lab
 1979–Oracle markets first relational DB with SQL
 1981 – SQL/DS first available RDBMS system on
DOS/VSE
 Others followed: INGRES (1981), IDM (1982),
DG/SGL (1984), Sybase (1986)
 1986–ANSI SQL standard released
 1989, 1992, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2011–Major
ANSI standard updates
 Current–SQL is supported by most major
database
Chapter 6 vendors
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-4
PURPOSE OF SQL STANDARD
 Specify syntax/semantics for data
definition and manipulation
 Define data structures and basic
operations
 Enable portability of database definition
and application modules
 Specify minimal (level 1) and complete
(level 2) standards
 Allow for later growth/enhancement to
standard (referential integrity,
transaction management, user-defined
functions, extended join operations,
national
Chapter 6 character sets)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-5
BENEFITS OF A STANDARDIZED RELATIONAL
LANGUAGE

 Reduced training costs


 Productivity
 Application portability
 Application longevity
 Reduced dependence on a single
vendor
 Cross-system communication
Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-6
SQL ENVIRONMENT

 Catalog
 A set of schemas that constitute the description of a database
 Schema
 The structure that contains descriptions of objects created by a
user (base tables, views, constraints)
 Data Definition Language (DDL)
 Commands that define a database, including creating, altering,
and dropping tables and establishing constraints
 Data Manipulation Language (DML)
 Commands that maintain and query a database
 Data Control Language (DCL)
 Commands that control a database, including administering
privileges and committing data

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-7


Figure 6-1
A simplified schematic of a typical SQL environment, as
described by the SQL: 2011 standard

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-8


Figure 6-4
DDL, DML, DCL, and the database development process

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-9


SQL DATABASE DEFINITION
 Data Definition Language (DDL)
 Major CREATE statements:
 CREATE SCHEMA–defines a portion of the
database owned by a particular user
 CREATE TABLE–defines a new table and its
columns
 CREATE VIEW–defines a logical table from
one or more tables or views
 Other CREATE statements: CHARACTER
SET, COLLATION, TRANSLATION, ASSERTION,
DOMAIN
Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-10
SQL DATA TYPES

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-11


STEPS IN TABLE CREATION
1. Identify data types for attributes
2. Identify columns that can and cannot be null
3. Identify columns that must be unique
(candidate keys)
4. Identify primary key–foreign key mates
5. Determine default values
6. Identify constraints on columns (domain
specifications)
7. Create the table and associated indexes
Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-12
Figure 6-5 General syntax for CREATE TABLE
statement used in data definition language

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-13


THE FOLLOWING SLIDES CREATE TABLES
FOR THIS ENTERPRISE DATA MODEL

(from Chapter 1, Figure 1-3)

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-14


Figure 6-6 SQL database definition commands for PVF Company

(Oracle 12c)

Overall table
definitions

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-15


Defining attributes and their data types

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-16


Non-nullable specification

Primary keys
can never have
NULL values

Identifying primary key


Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-17
Non-nullable specifications

Primary key

Some primary keys are composite–


composed of multiple attributes

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-18


Controlling the values in attributes

Default value

Domain constraint

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-19


Identifying foreign keys and establishing relationships

Primary key of
parent table

Foreign key of dependent table


Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-20
DATA INTEGRITY CONTROLS

 Referential integrity–constraint
that ensures that foreign key
values of a table must match
primary key values of a related
table in 1:M relationships
 Restricting:
 Deletes of primary records
 Updates of primary records
 Inserts of dependent records
Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-21
Figure 6-7 Ensuring data integrity through updates

Relational
integrity is
enforced via
the primary-
key to foreign-
key match

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-22


CHANGING TABLES
 ALTER TABLE statement allows you to
change column specifications:

 Table Actions:

Use “MODIFY” instead of


“ALTER” COLUMN is actually
 Example mandatory
(adding a new column for thevalue)
with a default
action
DROP :

Only include “COLUMN” in


DROP modifiers
Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-23
REMOVING TABLES

 DROP TABLE statement allows


you to remove tables from your
schema:

 DROP TABLE CUSTOMER_T

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-24


INSERT STATEMENT
 Adds one or more rows to a table
 Inserting into a table

 Inserting a record that has some null attributes


requires identifying the fields that actually get
data

 Inserting from another table

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-25

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