Computer Networks

Computer Networks

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Prepared by –
Projapoti Roy
Lecturer, Dept. of CSE
Eastern University
 Computer Networks
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 A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a
collection of computers and devices connected in various ways in order
to communicate and share resources.
 Usually, the connections between computers in a network are made
using physical wires or cables
 some connections are wireless, using radio waves or infrared
signal.
 Computer Networks
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 The purpose of a network is to share resources. A resource may be:
 A file, folder, printer, disk drive
 Or just about anything else that exists on a computer.
 The computers can be geographically located anywhere.
 Networking is the term that describes the processes involved in
designing, implementing, upgrading, managing and otherwise working
with networks and network technologies.
 Applications of Networks
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 Resource Sharing
 Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers)
 Software (application software)
 Information Sharing
 Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases)
 Search Capability (WWW)
 Communication
 Email
 Message broadcast
 Remote computing
 Distributed processing (GRID Computing)
 Network Topology
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 The network topology defines the way in which computers,

printers, and other devices are connected.
 A network topology describes the layout of the wire and devices
as well as the paths used by data transmissions.
 Bus Topology
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 A common backbone wire is connected to all network devices.
 It joins networks and central devices. If any network device wants
to communicate with another network device, the device sends a
broadcast message. All other devices will see the broadcast
message but only the desired recipient will accept and process the
message.
 Required less wire but failure of the backbone cable will damage
the whole network.
 Ring Topology
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 Every network device is connected to two neighbor devices with a
point-to-point connection.
 All devices make a loop. If any cable or device is failed, the loop will
break and also break down the entire ring network.
 Star Topology
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 A star topology is established with a central connection point. Other
Network devices are connected to this central point.
 The main benefit of a star network is that failure in any star
network cable will only take down one computer’s network access
but not the entire LAN.
 However, if the central node fails, the entire network will be down
in a star network. Moreover, lots of wired connection is needed.
 Tree Topology
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 A central ‘root’ node (top level of the hierarchy) is connected to one
or more other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy with a
point-to-point physical link.
 Multiple star or bus network can be connected with a tree network.
 Mesh Topology
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 Every network device is connected to every other network device
with a point-to-point connection.
 Can be Fully mesh or Partially mesh.
 Most expensive and difficult to maintain.
 Types of Computer Networks
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 Networks are classified depending on the geographical area
covered by the network.
 Types of Computer Networks
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 Local Area Network (LAN)- A network that connects a relatively
small number of machines in a relatively close geographical area like
office or home.
 Advantages of LAN:
 Improves productivity due to faster work.

 Provides easy maintenance.

 New systems can be installed and configured easily.

 Disadvantages of LAN:
 Limited number of systems can only be connected.

 Cannot cover large area.

 Network performance degrades as number of users exceeds.

 Types of Computer Networks
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 Campus Area Network (CAN)
 Made up of multiple LANs within limited

area.
 Connects different LANs in a campus or

institution

 Metropolitan-area network (MAN)

 Interconnects networks within a city.

 Supports data and voice transmission.

 Larger than LAN & CAN but smaller than

WAN.
 Types of Computer Networks
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 Wide-area network (WAN) - A network that connects LANs and
other types of networks over a potentially large geographic distance
like Country or across Globe.
 The Internet, as we know it today, is essentially the ultimate
wide-area network, spanning the entire globe.
 Comparison of Computer Networks
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LAN CAN MAN WAN

Connects Connects two or Interconnects Connects
computers and more LANs within networks in a geographically
workstations in a campus. town or a city. separated LANs.
office or home.
Covers a local Covers privately Covers larger area Spans large
area of 1km owned campus than LAN but geographical area
with an area of 5 smaller area than more than 100km.
to 10km. WAN with an area
of 2 to 100km.

Data Transmission Data Transmission Data Transmission Data Transmission

Rate – 10/100 Rate – Variable Rate - Variable Rate – 64 Kbps or
Mbps 2 Mbps

Uses IEEE 802 ____ Uses IEEE 802 Uses ITU

standard. standard. standard.
Low cost High cost High cost High cost
(Repetitive) (Repetitive)
 Internetwork
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 Connection of two or more distinct computer networks or network
segments via a common routing technology
 Three variants, depending on who administers and who participates
in them:
 Internet
 Intranet
 Extranet
 Intranet & Extranet
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 Intranet: An intranet is a private network that is contained within an
enterprise. It is usually created and maintained by a private
organization.
 It may consist of many interlinked LANs and use
any WAN technology for network connectivity.
 As it belongs to an organization, it is only accessible by the
organization's employee or members. The main aim of the intranet
is to share the information and resources among the organization
employees.

 Extranet: An extranet is a part of an organization’s intranet. It is a

private network but typically open to external parties, such as
business partners, suppliers, key customers, etc.
 It provides controlled access to authorized people outside of the
company.
 It allows for private communication, also securely shares internal
information and operations of an organization with authorized
people outside the organization without giving access to the
company's entire network.
 Internet
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 It is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of
networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have
permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes
talk directly to users at other computers).
 Are the World Wide Web (WWW) and the Internet the same thing?
No.
 The Internet is an interconnected network of thousands of
networks and millions of computers which provides approximately
2.56 billion people around the world with services such as e-mail,
apps, newsgroups, shopping, research, instant messaging, music,
videos, and news.
 The World Wide Web or Web for short, is one of the Internet’s
most popular services providing access to billions of Web pages
that contain text, multimedia content, services, and hyperlinks to
other pages.
 How does internet work?
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 Internet is a worldwide computer network that transmits a variety of
data and media across interconnected devices. Generally, two main
components uphold the functionality of the Internet, they are:
 Packets
 Protocols
 Internet works by using a packet routing network that follows TCP/IP
suite. This TCP/IP suite work together to ensure that data transmission
across the internet is consistent and reliable, no matter which device
we’re using or where we’re using it.
 In networking, a protocol is a set of rules which is used by computers
to communicate with each other across a network.
 How does internet work?
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 When data gets sent over the Internet, it is first broken up into
smaller packets, which are then translated into bits. The packets get
routed to their destination by various networking devices such as
routers and switches. When the packets arrive at their destination,
the receiving device reassembles the packets in order and can then
use or display the data. TCP/IP suite here helps to make sure that no
packets are lost, packets are reassembled in proper sequence, and
there’s no delay negatively affecting the data quality.
 Because all Internet-connected computers and other devices can
interpret and understand these protocols, the Internet works no
matter who or what connects to it.
 Internet Services
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 Internet Services allows us to access huge amount of information
such as text, graphics, sound and software over the internet.
 There are several applications of internet services such as
 HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ~ is a protocol used to
access the data on the World Wide Web.
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) ~ is used to send and
receive email
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ~ enables the users to transfer
files.
 Telecommunication Network (TELNET) ~ provides remote
terminal access to Internet hosts. Using this software tool, a user
can log in to and operate thousands of Internet-connected
computers around the world as if they were local machines.
 Post Office Protocol (POP) ~ enables PC users to access mail
from a mail server.
 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) ~ provides
the exchange of information for the management of a network
itself.
 Internet Address
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 An internet address is a series of numbers that identifies any device
on a network.
 Every computer on the internet has a four-part numeric address,
called the Internet Protocol or IP address. The IP address contains
routing information that identifies destination location. Each of the
four parts is a number between 0 and 255, so an IP address looks like
this: 108.64.125.116.
 Computers have no trouble working with such numbers but humans
are not so skilled. So, computers connected to the internet use an
address system called a Domain name system (DNS) where an
address uses words instead of numbers.
 DNS is a directory service that provides a mapping between the name
of a host on the network and its numerical address.
 DNS addresses have two parts: an user name, followed by a
domain that identifies the type of institution that uses the address,
such as .com for commercial or .edu for schools, colleges, and
universities. For example, Microsoft’s DNS address is microsoft.com.
 Electronic-mail (E-mail)
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 E-mail is a method of exchanging messages over the internet.
 It is one of the most widely used services of Internet. This service
allows an Internet user to send a message in formatted manner (mail)
to the other Internet user in any part of world. Message in mail not
only contain text, but it also contains images, audio and videos data.
The person who is sending mail is called sender and person who
receives mail is called recipient. It is just like postal mail service.
 The sender computer creates the message and sends it to a local post
office server. The post office server passes the message through the
Internet to the recipient’s mail server which passes it to the
recipient’s computer.
 Internet Access
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 Internet access is the process of connecting to the internet using
personal computers, laptops or mobile devices by users or
enterprises.
 The organizations which provide internet access to both individuals
and business, are known as Internet Service Provider (ISP) or
local hosts.
 Two popular types of Internet access are-
 Dial-up Telephone Access
 Leased Line Access
 Firewall
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 A firewall is to prevent unauthorized users on the internet from
reaching the files and programs on the local area network.
 It is necessary to prevent attacks that can be launched against a
network connected to the internet.
 When a computer connected to the outside internet is also connected
to an inside local area network, a firewall is installed between the
internet and the local network.
 If an organization wants to provide interactive services for outsiders,
it puts a file server outside the firewall.
 Transmission Media
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 Transmission media is a communication channel that carries the
information from the sender to the receiver i.e. it is the channel
through which data is sent from one place to another.
 Transmission Media is broadly classified into the following types:
 Network Interface Card
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 Network Interface Card (NIC) provides the physical interface
between computer and cabling.
 It prepares data, sends data and controls the flow of data. It can also
receive and translate data into bytes for the CPU to understand.
 It has specific Media Access Control (MAC) address.
 It functions as a middleman between our computer and the data
network by translating the computer data into electrical signals.
 Computers Role: Clients and
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 In a client/server network arrangement, network services are located
in a dedicated computer whose only function is to respond to the
requests of clients.
 Server computer is a core component of the network, providing a
link to the resources necessary to perform any task.
 The server contains the file, print, application, security, and other
services in a central computer that is continuously available to
respond to client requests.
 Client computers normally request and receive information over the
network.
 Computers Role: Peer to Peer
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 Peer network also called peer-to-peer network is a network where the
computers act as both workstations and servers.
 Peer-to-peer networking is a server-less networking technology that
allows several network devices to share resources and communicate
directly with each other. There is no assigned role for any particular
device, and each of the devices usually runs similar software. Any
device can and will send requests to any other.
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Thank
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