Dept.
of CSE, KUET
Development of a Design Algorithm (Hard-wired Control)
Five consecutive steps of the design:
1. Statement of the problem
2. Equipment configuration
3. Derivation of the algorithm
4. Specify data processor
5. Design control logic
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Development of a Design Algorithm (Hard-wired Control)
1. Statement of the problem
Addition and subtraction of two binary numbers represented in sign
magnitude form.
2. Equipment configuration
n-1 bit
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Development of a Design Algorithm (Hard-wired Control)
3. Derivation of the algorithm
For signed A and B eight different conditions: ( ± A ) ± ( ± B )
Subtraction is signed changed addition
Need to implement four conditions : ( ± A ) + ( ± B )
Having same sign
(+ A) + (+ B) = + (A + B) (- A) + (- B) = - (A + B)
Add the magnitude and sign is same.
Having different sign
if A=>B if A<B
(+ A) + (- B) = + (A - B) = - (B - A)
(- A) + (+ B) = - (A - B) = + (B - A)
Subtract smaller one from the larger one and resulting sign is the sign of the
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larger one.
Dept. of CSE, KUET
Development of a Design Algorithm (Hard-wired Control)
Having same sign
(+ A) + (+ B) = + (A + B)
(- A) + (- B) = - (A + B)
Add the magnitude and sign is same.
Having different sign
if A=>B if A<B
(+ A) + (- B) = + (A - B) = - (B - A)
(- A) + (+ B) = - (A - B) = + (B - A)
Subtract smaller one from the larger one and
resulting sign is the sign of the larger
one.
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Development of a Design Algorithm (Hard-wired Control)
System block diagram
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ALU and its Function Table
Dept. of CSE, KUET
(from Ch09)
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Development of a Design Algorithm (Hard-wired Control)
Control State Diagram
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Development of a Design Algorithm (Hard-wired Control)
Design of Hard-wired Control
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Design of a Microprogram Controller
for Sign-Magnitude Addition and Subtraction
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Contents
Problem Statement
Flowchart , State Diagram & Sequence of Microoperations
Microprogram Controller Design
Conclusions
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Sign-Magnitude Addition and Subtraction
For signed A and B eight different conditions: ( ± A ) ± ( ± B )
Subtraction is signed changed addition
Need to implement four conditions : ( ± A ) + ( ± B )
Having same sign
(+ A) + (+ B) = + (A + B) (- A) + (- B) = - (A + B)
Add the magnitude and sign is same.
Having different sign
if A=>B if A<B
(+ A) + (- B) = + (A - B) = - (B - A)
(- A) + (+ B) = - (A - B) = + (B - A)
Subtract smaller one from the larger one and resulting sign is the sign of the
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larger one.
Dept. of CSE, KUET
Flowchart, State Diagram & Sequence of Microoperations
Need to Design a Microprogram Controller
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Microprogram Control
In a Microprogram Controller
Control variables are stored in memory, usually ROM.
After each operation control unit must determine its next address.
Contain additional bits with bits for microoperations and a special
circuit.
A microinstruction =
bits for initiating microoperations +
bits to determine next address.
Microprogram controller is efficient for large and/or complicated system
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Require Capabilities
1. Provision to recognize external
signals (qa or qs).
2. Provision for sequencing
consecutive addresses.
3. Provision for choosing addresses
based on status variables S and E.
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Block Diagram
qa or qs.
Recognize
Sequencing consecutive
addresses
Ch
ba oosin
se
d o g ad
n S dre
an sse
dE s
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Dept. of CSE, KUET
The Microprogram
Load External Address
S=1 E=1
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Conclusions
Sign-magnitude addition & subtraction is explained with four operations.
A microprogram controller is designed for the operations.
In the controller, a control instruction is a part of a microinstruction and the
microinstructions are stored in a ROM.
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Design of Microprogram Controller
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
The Microprogram
Controller for Addition and
Subtraction
A general-purpose configuration is require for a wide variety of situations.
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
A General-Purpose
Microprogram Control Unit
Requirements:
Have a large control memory
Include all possible control variables
Initiate many operations
Why 26 bits word? C -> Carry
Z -> Zero
16 bits for microinstruction S -> Sign
V -> Overflow
6 bits for 64 words
1 bit for external address
3 bits for 8 status bits
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Processor Unit
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Counting the Number of 1’s in a register
Set processor register R2 with
number of 1’s in register R1
If R1=00110101 then
R2 will be 100 (4 in binary )
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Microprogram
C -> Carry
Z -> Zero
S -> Sign
V -> Overflow
The microprogram method sometimes referred as firmware
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Multiplication of two fixed-point binary numbers
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Sign-magnitude Multiplication
Statement of the problem
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Sign-magnitude Multiplication
Statement of the problem
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Sign-magnitude Multiplication
Equipment Configuration
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Sign-magnitude Multiplication
Derivation of Algorithm
AQ <- shr EAQ, E <- 0
means
A <- shr A, Q <- shr Q,
Ak <- E, Qk <- A1 , E <- 0 28
Dept. of CSE, KUET
Sign-magnitude Multiplication
Control Specifications
Derivation of Algorithm
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Sign-magnitude Multiplication
Data-Processor Specification
Derivation of Algorithm
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Data-Processor Dept.
Specification
of CSE, KUET
Sign-magnitude Multiplication
Control Specifications
JK Flip-flop excitation table
Q(t) Q(t+1) J K
0 0 0 X
0 1 1 X
1 0 X 1
1 1 X 0 31
Dept. of CSE, KUET
Control Circuit for Multiplication with PLA
Any combinational circuit can be replaced by programmable logic array
(PLA)
Possible to design of a control circuit with a register connected to a PLA.
Control Circuit with PLA
The register operates as a sequence register that determines the state of
the control.
PLA is programmed to provide the control outputs and the next state for
the sequence register.
PLA method should be used if the state table contains many don’t care
entries; otherwise, it may be advantageous to use a ROM instead of a PLA.
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Control Circuit for Multiplication with PLA
State Table for PLA
If an input does not influence the next state, it
marked it with don’t care X.
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Dept. of CSE, KUET
Control Circuit for Multiplication with PLA
State Table for PLA
PLA control may be classified as a microprogram control unit with the PLA replacing the
ROM for the control memory.
State Table to Program Table
X’s in the input columns and 0’s in
the output columns of state table are
changed to dashes in program table.
PLA
Five inputs and Seven outputs.
Seven product terms, one for each
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row in the state table.
