Machine Learning:

Concepts, Techniques &

Applications
Presented By
Md Imran Uddin

For Brainware University

 Introduction to Machine Learning
• What is Machine learning?
As we can see there are two words Machine & Learning, which shows that it is a
type of learning or process of learning by Machine.
In other words;
Machine Learning (ML) is a subset of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that allows
systems to learn from data and improve their performance over time without being
explicitly programmed.
 Brief History & Evolution
Year
Milestone

1950s Alan Turing's work on machine intelligence (Turing Test)

1957 Perceptron model (first neural network)

1997 IBM’s Deep Blue beats chess champion

2012 Deep learning boom (ImageNet competition won by deep neural networks)

2020s Rise of Generative AI (e.g., ChatGPT)

 Types of Machine Learning
• Supervised Learning: The model learns from labeled data to make
predictions or classifications.
• Unsupervised Learning: The model finds hidden patterns or structures
in unlabeled data.
• Reinforcement Learning: The model learns by interacting with an
environment and receiving feedback in the form of rewards or
penalties.
• Semi Supervised Learning: The model learns from a small amount of
labeled data combined with a large amount of unlabeled data to
improve accuracy.
ML Workflow
 Some Popular ML Algorithms
Machine learning Category Description
Algorithms
Linear Regression Supervised Learning Predicts continuous values
Logistic Regression Supervised Learning For binary classification
problems
Support Vector Machine Supervised Learning Finds the best boundary
(SVM) between classes
k-Nearest Neighbors (k- Supervised Learning Classifies based on
NN) proximity to other data
points
Random Forest Supervised Learning Ensemble of decision trees
 Some Popular ML Algorithms
Algorithm Category Description
Groups data into K
K-Means Clustering Unsupervised Learning
clusters
Hierarchical Clustering Unsupervised Learning Builds nested clusters
DBSCAN Unsupervised Learning Density-based clustering
Use initial model to label
Self-training Models Semi-Supervised
unlabeled data iteratively
Learns optimal action-
Q-Learning Reinforcement Learning
value function
 Deep Learning vs Traditional Machine
Learning
Aspect Traditional ML Deep Learning
Works with
Data Size Needs large datasets
small/moderate data
Feature Engineering Manual Automatic
Interpretability Easier to understand Often a “Black Box"
Computation Less intensive Requires GPUs/TPUs

When to Use Deep Learning?

•When you have lots of data.
•When solving tasks like image classification, speech recognition, or natural -
language understanding.
 Evaluation Metrics
Metric Definition Formula / Use Best Use Case
Overall correctness of (TP + TN) / (TP + TN + When classes are
Accuracy
the model FP + FN) balanced
Correctly predicted
When false positives are
Precision positives out of all TP / (TP + FP)
costly
predicted positives
Correctly predicted
When false negatives
Recall positives out of all TP / (TP + FN)
are costly
actual positives
2 × (Precision × When you need balance
Harmonic mean of
F1 Score Recall) / (Precision + between precision &
precision and recall
Recall) recall
Visual summary of
Table showing TP, TN, Used to derive all
Confusion Matrix classification
FP, FN metrics above
performance
 Real-World Applications of Machine
Learning
•Healthcare – Disease prediction, medical imaging, drug discovery
•Finance – Fraud detection, credit scoring, algorithmic trading
•Natural Language Processing (NLP) – Chatbots, sentiment analysis, language
translation
•Autonomous Vehicles – Object detection, lane detection, self-driving systems
•Recommendation Systems – Personalized suggestions in e-commerce and
streaming platforms
•Manufacturing – Predictive maintenance, quality control, defect detection
•Agriculture – Crop disease detection, yield prediction using drone and satellite data
•Retail – Demand forecasting, customer segmentation, inventory optimization
•Cybersecurity – Threat detection, anomaly detection, spam filtering
•Education – Adaptive learning platforms, grading automation, student performance
prediction
Tools & Libraries Used in Machine Learning
• Programming Language: •Data Handling:
• Python • NumPy
•ML Libraries: • Pandas
•Scikit-learn •Data Visualization:
•XGBoost • Matplotlib
•LightGBM • Seaborn
•Deep Learning Frameworks: •Development Environments:
•TensorFlow • Jupyter Notebook
•Keras • Google Colab
•PyTorch • VS Code
 Challenges in Machine Learning
Challenge Description
Models require large and high-quality datasets to perform
Insufficient Data
well
Overfitting & Underfitting Overfitting = too complex; Underfitting = too simple
Bias & Fairness Models may inherit or amplify societal or dataset biases
Difficult to understand or trust complex models (especially
Interpretability
deep learning)
Training large models demands powerful GPUs and long
Computational Cost
training times
Data Privacy & Security Handling sensitive data raises ethical and legal concerns
Deployment Issues Integrating and maintaining models in production is complex
Models may degrade if not updated with new or changing
Evolving Data
data
 Future of Machine Learning
Trend Description
Making models more transparent and
Explainable AI (XAI)
understandable
AutoML Automating model selection, training, and tuning
Running ML models on local devices
Edge AI
(e.g., phones, IoT) for faster response
Ensuring fairness, privacy, and accountability in
Ethical & Responsible AI
ML systems
AI assists humans in decision-making rather than
Human-AI Collaboration
replacing them
 Conclusion
• Machine Learning is transforming industries by enabling data-driven decisions.
• It offers powerful tools to solve complex problems in healthcare, finance, NLP,
and more.
• Despite challenges like data quality and model interpretability, advances like
AutoML and Explainable AI are paving the way forward.
• The future of ML is promising, focusing on ethical AI, edge computing, and
collaboration with humans.
• Continuous learning and adaptation will keep ML relevant and impactful.
Questions?
Thank You!