Class 07
CIS 245
PHP Basics
Learning Objectives
• PHP basics
– Variables- number and text
– Comments- line and block
– Arithmetic and logical operators
• Loops in PHP
– while, do..while, and for
– break and continue
• Arrays
2
Section 1
PHP BASICS
3
Introduction
• PHP is the language that you use to work on the server-side
Web page code:
– generate dynamic output—output that is potentially different each
time a browser requests a page.
– More secure than the client-side code
• PHP documents end with the extension .php
• Any HTML that has any PHP code must end with .php
4
PHP code markers
PHP code starts with <?php
It ends with ?>
We invoke PHP within HTML as follows
<?php
//php code goes here
?>
5
Review Question
• What is the purpose of PHP language? How is the PHP code
enclosed (tags) within HTML?
6
Running the PHP code
• XAMPP check
– Start XAMPP control panel from Start menu
– Start the Apache server
– Open browser with address https://localhost
– The following page will be displayed: http://localhost/dashboard/
• Preparing folder for PHP programs
– Locate where you installed XAMPP (c:\XAMPP will be the default)
– Go to the folder C:\xampp\htdocs
– Create a folder called cis245
– Place all your PHP programs here
7
Simple PHP code
Class06.php
<html>
<header>
<title>My first PHP program</title>
<body>
<?php
echo "My first PHP code";
?>
</body>
</html>
NOTE
Place this program at: C:\xampp\htdocs\cis245
To list all the programs in this folder on the
browser type: localhost/cis245
8
Comments in PHP
Two ways to add comments (similar to C++) <html>
<header>
• Line comment <title>My first PHP program</title>
<body>
starts with // <?php
Ex: //this is a line comment /*
This is the first PHP
• Block comment program to test XAMPP
starts with /* and ends with */ */
//echo writes content as HTML
Ex: /* echo "My first PHP code";
?>
This is a multiline or block </body>
comment </html>
*/
9
Basic syntax for PHP
• All statements end with a semicolon
• All variables begin with a $
• There are no explicit type declarations, similar to JavaScript
(example there are no int, string, etc.)
• Example
$x=19; //$x is assumed as type number
$y=“Hello”; //$y is assumed as type string
10
Variable assignment
• Variable can be assigned to other variables by an = sign
$x=10; //$x is assigned a value 10
$y=$x; //$x is assigned to $y
• Now $x and $y are having the same value, 10
• echo can be used to display content (HTML) on the browser
11
Review Question
• What is a variable? How are number and string variables
defined in PHP?
12
Example 1- Using echo
13
echo
• It puts all contents, following it, as a HTML
• Multiple lines within quotes can be used
• Variables can be used within the quotes
• echo <<<_END and _END can be used instead of quotes after
echo
14
Using echo for concatenation
There are two ways to concatenate the strings: single quote ’ ’,
and double quote “ ”
• Single quote does not evaluate the variables within the quote
• Double quote evaluates any variables that are present in the
quote.
Example. Let $x=8
• echo ‘$x’ prints $x; whereas echo “$x” prints 8
15
echo example(“ ”, ‘ ‘)
<?php <?php
$author = "Steve Ballmer"; $author = "Steve Ballmer";
echo “Developers! - $author.”; echo ‘Developers! - $author.’;
?> ?>
OUTPUT OUTPUT
Developers! – Steve Ballmer. Developers! – $author.
16
echo example (‘ ’)
<?php
$author = "Steve Ballmer";
echo ‘Developers! - $author.’;
?>
17
echo examples (_END)
<?php
$author = "Steve Ballmer";
// the last _END must not have spaces on either sides
echo <<<_END
Developers, Developers, developers, developers, developers,
developers, developers, developers, developers!
- $author.;
_END;
?>
18
Review Question
• What is the difference between double (") and single (') quote
when used in echo?
19
Operators- arithmetic
Operator Description Example
+ Addition $j + 1
- Subtraction $j - 6
* Multiplication $j * 11
/ Division $j / 4
% Modulus (remainder) $j % 9
++ Increment ++$j
-- Decrement --$j
20
Example 2- arithmetic operations
21
Problem 1
• Write a PHP code to define two variables $a=10 and $b=3.
Write code that will output the following.
OUTPUT <?php
$a=10; $b=3;
a*b = 30 $c=$a*$b;
a/b = 3.3333333333333 $d=$a/$b;
a/b = 3.33 $e=$a-$b;
a-b = 7 $f=$a+$b;
a+b = 13 echo "a*b = $c"."<br>";
echo "a/b = $d"."<br>";
$dr=number_format($d,2,'.','');
echo "a-b = $e"."<br>";
echo "a+b = $f";
?> 22
Operators- logical
Operator Description Example
&& And $j == 3 && $k == 2
and Low-precedence and $j == 3 and $k == 2
|| Or $j < 5 || $j > 10
or Low-precedence or $j < 5 or $j > 10
! Not ! ($j == $k)
== Check equality $j == 3
23
Checking TRUE [1] or FALSE [null]
• We can use the if statement to test if a logical operation (or, ||,
and, &&, !, <, >, ==) is true or false
• Other logical operators (called boolean) are
< less than > greater than
== equal to
• A true value is evaluated to 1, whereas a false value is
evaluated to null (or blank)
24
Review Question
• What is a Boolean value? In PHP, what is the value of a) true
and b) false
25
Example 3- logical operators
• Code
• Output
26
Checking true or false: if statement
• An if statement can be used to check if a logical operation is
true or false
• Format for the if statement is [else/elseif are optional]
• if (check condition) {..;..;}
elseif (condition) {..;..;}
elseif (condition) {..;..;}
else {..;..;}
27
if..elseif…else example
<?php
$page="News";
if ($page == "Home") echo "You selected Home";
elseif ($page == "About") echo "You selected About";
elseif ($page == "News") echo "You selected News";
elseif ($page == "Login") echo "You selected Login";
elseif ($page == "Links") echo "You selected Links";
else echo "You selected something different";
?>
OUTPUT
You selected News
28
Problem 2
• Write a PHP code to define two variables $a=10 and $b=3.
Write a code to check with individual if statements, whether
a>b, a<b, a>=b, b<=a, and a==b. Your code must output the
following. (do not use else/elseif)
• OUTPUT
10 is greater than 3
10 is greater than or equal to 3
29
Problem 2 Solution
<?php
$a=10; $b=3; //define variables
if($a>$b){
echo "<br>$a is greater than $b";
}
if($a<$b){
echo "<br>$a is less than $b";
}
if($a>=$b){
echo "<br>$a is greater than or equal to $b";
}
if($a<=$b){
echo "<br>$a is less than or equal to $b";
}
if($a==$b){
echo "<br>$a is greater than $b";
}
?>
30
Problem 2a
• Search the web and find how to find the remainder when $a is
divided by $b. Write a PHP code to find the remainder when $a
is divided by $b, where $a=5 and $b=2.
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SECTION 2
LOOPS IN PHP
32
Loops in PHP
Loops run part of a code repeatedly
There are three types of loops
• while loop // loops only when condition is met
– while (condition is true){}
• do .. while loop // loops at least once then checks condition
– do{..} while (condition is true)
• for loop // loops only if condition is met (like while
loop)
– for(initialize, condition, modify){}
33
Example 4- Using while loop
print numbers 1 to 10
<?php
$count=1; //initialize count variable
to 1
echo "<br>";
while($count<=10){ //check if count <= 10, then
loop
echo "$count"." "; //dot is used to concatenate
strings
$count++; //increment count by 1
}
?>
34
Example 5- Using do .. while loop
print numbers 1 to 10
<?php
$count=1; //initialize count variable to
1
echo "<br>";
do{
echo "$count"." ";
$count++; //increment count by 1
}while($count<=10) //check if count <= 10, then
loop
?>
Output
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 35
Example 6- Using for loop
print numbers 1 to 10
<?php
echo "<br>";
// variable count is defined, initialized and
incremented
// within for loop
for($count=1;$count<=10; $count++){
echo "$count"." ";
}
?>
Output
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
36
Loops: break and continue
A break or a continue can be used to change the logic within the loop
• break breaks out of the inner loop
• continue skips the code following it and
continues with the next loop
Examples
• If ($x>10) break; //break loop if $x>10
• If ($x%2==1) continue; //skip to next loop count if remainder
1
37
Problem 3- Even numbers
Using continue/break
Write a code to print all even numbers between 1 and 20.
Note that you need to check if a number is divisible by 2 to know
if it is even. (ex: 4%2=0; 5%2=1 (remainder))
A. Use while loop
B. Use do .. while loop
C. Use for loop
38
Problem 3- Solution using for loop
<?php
echo "<br>Using continue in for loop to print even
numbers<br>";
//for loop; uses count variable to loop 10 times
for($count=1;$count<=10; $count++){
if ($count%2!=0) //check if count is odd- not divisible
by 2
continue; //go to next loop, skipping the
echo
echo "$count"." ";
}
?>
39
Problem 4- Odd numbers
Using continue/break
Write a code to print all odd numbers between 1 and 20.
Note that you need to check if a number is divisible by 2 to know
if it is even. (ex: 4%2=0; 5%2=1 (remainder))
A. Use while loop
B. Use do .. while loop
C. Use for loop
40
Problem 5- Stopping the Loop
Using continue/break
Write a code to print numbers between 1 and 20. Stop the loop
when the number is divisible by 8.
Note: if a number is divisible by X, then the remainder when it
divides a number is 0 (ex: 4%X=0; means X divides 4)
A. Use while loop
B. Use do .. while loop
C. Use for loop
41
Problem 5- Solution using for loop
Using continue/break
<?php
echo "<br>Using break in for loop to print until a
number is divisible by 8<br>";
// variable count is defined, initialised and
incremented
// within loop
for($count=1;$count<=20; $count++){
if ($count%8==0)
break;
echo "$count"." ";
}
?> 42
Problem 6- Fibonacci numbers
Write a code to print all 10 Fibonacci numbers. Fibonacci
numbers follow the formula: F(n)=F(n-1)+F(n-2), where F(0)=1,
and F(1)=1.
Use any loop you prefer.
Output:
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55
43
Summary – PHP basics and Loops
• PHP is a language used to generate dynamic web pages
• PHP code starts with <?php and ends with ?>
• PHP has line comment starts with // and block comments within /* and */
• PHP has only two types of variables: number and string
• echo is used to output HTML code from PHP
• +, -, /, *, %, are arithmetic operators and ||, &&, ! are logical operators
• <, >, ==, <=.>=, <> are boolean operators
• TRUE=1 and FALSE= null (or empty string)
• Syntax for if: if(condition){} elseif(condition){}...else {}
• Loops in PHP are: while(){}, do{}while(), and for(){}
44
SECTION 3
ARRAYS IN PHP
45
Arrays
• Array stores a set of elements sequentially
• Each element must be indexed by unique numbers or strings
• Each array element is indexed, with the first element index
being zero (default, if index not used)
• Each array element can also be indexed by unique strings (user
defined index)
• PHP arrays can easily be sorted using predefined functions
(sort, asort, ksort, rsort, arsort, krsort)
46
PHP Arrays in RAM (memory)
Default Index User Defined Index
47
Review Question
• What is an Array in PHP? How does a default index array differ
from a defined index array?
48
Arrays using default index
$days=array(‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’,
‘Friday’, ‘Saturday’, ‘Sunday’);
In this case the default index is 0,1,2,3,4,5,6
Note that $days[0] refers to first element, and $days[6] refers to
the last element in the $days array.
Examples:
echo $days[0]; //prints Monday: index=0, value=Monday
echo $days[6]; //prints Sunday
49
Printing an array- using for loop
Not preferred for arrays
<?php
echo "<br>Printing array using for loop<br>";
//variable count is defined, initialised and incremented within
loop
$days=array('Monday', 'Tuesday', 'Wednesday', 'Thursday',
'Friday’, 'Saturday', 'Sunday');
for($index=0;$index<=6; $index++){
echo "$index>"."$days[$index]; ";
}
?>
OUTPUT
Printing array using for loop
0->Monday; 1->Tuesday; 2->Wednesday; 3->Thursday; 4->Friday; 5->Saturday; 6->Sunday;
50
Printing an array- using foreach
Designed for arrays
• foreach($array_name as $index=>$value)
– where $index is the array index and $value its corresponding value
<?php
echo "<br>Using default array<br>";
//variable count is defined, initialised and incremented within loop
$days=array('Monday', 'Tuesday', 'Wednesday', 'Thursday', 'Friday',
'Saturday’, 'Sunday');
foreach($days as $index=>$value){
echo "$index->"."$value; ";
}
?>
Using default array
0->Monday; 1->Tuesday; 2->Wednesday; 3->Thursday; 4->Friday; 5->Saturday; 6->Sunday;
51
Array with a defined index
• Some time default index 0,1,etc., may not correspond with the
values in a meaningful way.
• For example, in the array $days, there is no real relation
between key=0 and value=Monday
• It is sometimes useful to define our own key that is meaningful
and helps identify the value
– For example key=“Mon” can easily relate to value=“Monday”
52
Declaring arrays with own index
• We can also define our own indices for the array elements as
follows: index=> element
• $days=array(‘Mon’=>'Monday', ‘Tue’=> 'Tuesday',
‘Wed’=> 'Wednesday', ‘Thu’=> 'Thursday', ‘Fri’=>
'Friday', ‘Sat’=> 'Saturday’,‘Sun’=> 'Sunday’);
• $days[‘Mon’] refers to the first element
53
Example
Days of the week using defined index
<?php
echo "<br>Using defined index<br>";
//variable count is defined, initialised and incremented within
loop
$days=array('Mon'=>'Monday', 'Tue'=>'Tuesday', 'Wed'=>'Wednesday’,
'Thu'=>'Thursday', 'Fri'=>'Friday',
'Sat'=>'Saturday’, 'Sun'=>'Sunday');
foreach($days as $index=>$value){
echo "$index->"."$value; ";
}
?>
OUTPUT
Using defined index
Mon->Monday; Tue->Tuesday; Wed->Wednesday; Thu->Thursday; Fri->Friday; Sat->Saturday; Sun->Sunday;
54
Problem
• Define two arrays PROD_ID PROD_NAME PROD_COST
AB01 Chicken Sticks 7.89
prod_name and SD02 Pizza 12.99
prod_cost whose index BD05 Lasagna 8.65
XP99 Fries 3.49
is pro_id. MS54 Burgers 5.55
PR98 Nuggets 2.49
• Print both these arrays ED12 Fried Rice 9.99
using foreach loop as
shown in the previous
examples
55
Sorting Arrays
• There are three sort functions: sort(), asort(), and ksort().
• asort() is useful as it sorts by value keeping the key-value link
1. sort($array_name)
– Sorts by increasing value discarding the key order
2. asort($array_name)
– Sorts by increasing value retaining the key-value link
3. ksort($array_name)
– Sorts by increasing key retaining key-value link
56
Review Question
• Name and explain one sorting function in PHP that will
preserve key-value link
57
Problem: using asort()
use $prod_name array
asort will sort by the value, and keep the key->value connection
1. Use the $prod_name array you defined previously and store it
a new array called $prod_name_asort
2. Use asort() to sort the new array $prod_name_asort
3. Print this sorted array using foreach
58
Problem: using ksort()
use $prod_name array
ksort will sort by the key, and keep the key->value connection
1. Use the $prod_name array you defined previously and store it
a new array called $prod_name_ksort
2. Use ksort() to sort the new array $prod_name_ksort
3. Print this sorted array using foreach
59
Problem: using asort()
use $prod_cost array
asort will sort by the value, and keep the key->value connection
1. Use the $prod_cost array you defined previously and store it a
new array called $prod_cost_asort
2. Use asort() to sort the new array $prod_cost_asort
3. Print this sorted array using foreach
60
Problem: using ksort()
use $prod_cost array
ksort will sort by the key, and keep the key->value connection
1. Use the $prod_cost array you defined previously and store it a
new array called $prod_cost_ksort
2. Use ksort() to sort the new array $prod_cost_ksort
3. Print this sorted array using foreach
61
Sorting by decreasing/reverse order
There are three reverse sort functions
• rsort() //compares with sort()
– Sorts by decreasing value discarding the key order
• arsort() //compares with asort()
– Sorts by decreasing value retaining the key-value link
• krsort() //compares with ksort()
– Sorts by decreasing key retaining key-value link
62
Review Question
• Name and explain one reverse sorting function in PHP that will
preserve key-value link
63
Problem: using arsort()
use $prod_name array
arsort will reverse sort by the value, and keep the key->value
connection
1. Use the $prod_name array you defined previously and store it
a new array called $prod_name_arsort
2. Use arsort() to sort the new array $prod_name_arsort
3. Print this sorted array using foreach
64
Problem: using krsort()
use $prod_name array
krsort will reverse sort by the key, and keep the key->value
connection
1. Use the $prod_name array you defined previously and store it
a new array called $prod_name_krsort
2. Use krsort() to sort the new array $prod_name_krsort
3. Print this sorted array using foreach
65
Problem: using arsort()
use $prod_cost array
arsort will reverse sort by the value, and keep the key->value
connection
1. Use the $prod_cost array you defined previously and store it a
new array called $prod_cost_arsort
2. Use arsort() to sort the new array $prod_cost_arsort
3. Print this sorted array using foreach
66
Problem: using krsort()
use $prod_cost array
krsort will reverse sort by the key, and keep the key->value
connection
1. Use the $prod_cost array you defined previously and store it a
new array called $prod_cost_krsort
2. Use krsort() to sort the new array $prod_cost_krsort
3. Print this sorted array using foreach
67
