BCSE408L

Cloud Computing

Dr. G. Vennira Selvi

Associate Professor
Department of Computational Intelligence
School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCOPE)
Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore
Mail: [email protected]
Cabin: SJT411 A33
Objectiv
es
Course Outcomes
SYLLABUS
CLOUD COMPUTING: Cloud
Concepts;Methodology,Network
Architecture Paperback – July 30, 2021
by Hemanand D (Author), Chembian W T (Author), Vallem
Ranadheer Reddy (Author)
Course Assessment Details

1. Digital Assignment 1 – 10 Marks (Before FAT)

2. Technical Quiz 1 – 10 Marks (Before CAT 1)
3. Technical Quiz 2 – 10 Marks (Before CAT 2)
4. CAT 1 – 15 Marks (will be scheduled by university)
5. CAT 2 - 15 Marks (will be scheduled by university)
6. FAT – 40 Marks (will be scheduled by university)
 Defining a
Cloud
• Cloud is a collection of resources that are openly accessible via the internet
or browser interface.

• Cloud services are provided by many large companies such as Google,

Microsoft, and Apple.

• Cloud storage services are provided by different vendors such as: Google
Drive, Apple iCloud, Microsoft OneDrive, and Dropbox.
• Cloud services allows:
• To store all of your data, such as pictures, music, movies, and
emails, freeing up local hard drive space
• To access many applications instead of downloading them onto
your local device
• To access your data and applications anywhere, anytime, and on
any device
Cloud
Computing
• Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services over the internet.

• It works based on the concept of dynamic provisioning.

• Cloud computing allows renting infrastructure, runtime environments, and
services on a pay- per-use basis.
• Definition: Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—
including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and
intelligence—over the Internet
Cloud Computing Model, Resources, Attributes

Delivery models
Software as a Service (SaaS) Deployment models
Platform as a Service (PaaS) Public cloud

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Private cloud

Community cloud
Hybrid cloud

Cloud computing
Infrastructure
Distributed infrastructure
Defining attributes
Resource virtualization
Massive infrastructure
Autonomous systems
Utility computing. Pay-per-usage
Resources
Accessible via the Internet
Compute & storage servers
Networks Services Elasticity

Applications
Why Cloud Computing
Important?
• Save the consumer’s infrastructure and maintenance cost.
• A consumer has to pay service charges for usage of various resources.
• Need not worry about updating software, backups and anti-virus.
• Used by both small and large organizations to store the information in
cloud and access it from anywhere at anytime using the internet
connection.
• Helps to manage big data, data recovery, cyber-security and quality
control.
• Cloud computing provides collective computing resources anywhere,
anytime at low cost.
Features/Characteristics of Cloud Computing
• On-demand self-service: Users can provision computing resources like servers, storage, and applications
themselves, without needing to interact with a human service provider.

• Broad network access: Cloud services are accessible over the internet from various devices, such as
laptops, smartphones, and tablets.

• Resource pooling: Cloud providers pool resources like computing power, storage, and networking to serve
multiple users.

• Rapid elasticity: Cloud resources can be scaled up or down quickly and easily to meet changing demands.

• Measured service: Cloud usage is monitored and metered, allowing users to pay only for the resources
they consume.

• Multi-tenant architecture: Multiple users also referred to as tenants share the same physical infrastructure
and use the same computing resources

• Resiliency and availability: Cloud providers use several techniques to guard against downtime, such as
minimizing regional dependencies to avoid single points of failure
• Virtualization: Cloud computing providers use virtualization technology to abstract
underlying hardware resources and present them as logical resources to users.

• Flexible pricing models: Cloud providers offer a variety of pricing models, including
pay-per-use, subscription-based, and spot pricing, allowing users to choose the option
that best suits their needs.

• Security: Cloud providers invest heavily in security measures to protect their users'
data and ensure the privacy of sensitive information.

• Automation: Cloud computing services are often highly automated, allowing users to
deploy and manage resources with minimal manual intervention.

• Sustainability: Cloud providers are increasingly focused on sustainable practices,

such as energy-efficient data centers and the use of renewable energy sources, to
reduce their environmental impact.
 Evolution of Cloud Computing
Five core technologies that played an important role in the realization of cloud
computing are:

1. Distributed Systems
2. Virtualization
3. Web 2.0
4. Service Orientation and
5. Utility Computing
Evolution of Cloud
Computing
1. Distributed Systems
• Distributed computing is the method of making multiple computers work together to solve a
common problem.
• These devices divided the work, collaborating their efforts to accomplish the assignment more efficiently
than when a single device was in charge.
1.1 Mainframe computing (1950’s)
• Mainframe Computing has the ability to deal with a large amount of data.
• Large organizations use mainframe computing for critical applications, bulk data processing,
massive throughput, hot-swapping of hardware, etc. These systems have almost no downtime
with high fault tolerance.
• Very expensive
•Examples: IBM Z series, universal automatic computer from UNIVAC series, HP Non-stop
Evolution of Cloud
Computing
1. Distributed Systems
1.2 Cluster computing (1980’s)
• Itis
a collection of computers that are either tightly or loosely connected and
work together to function as a single entity.
• It is easy to add new nodes to the cluster
• Building a cluster system was cheaper than those mainframe systems and they
were equally capable of high computations.
Examples: IBM General Parallel File System, Microsoft's Cluster Shared Volumes,
Oracle Cluster File System.
Evolution of Cloud
Computing
1. Distributed Systems
1.3 Grid computing (1990’s)
• Grid computing is a computing infrastructure that combines computer resources spread
over different geographical locations to achieve a common goal.
• Organizations use grid computing to perform large tasks or solve complex problems that
are difficult to do on a single computer.
• It offers high efficiency, flexibility with less cost.
Example: Garuda is India's national grid infrastructure of HPC systems
Evolution of Cloud
Computing
2. Virtualization
• Virtualization is a technology used to create virtual representations of servers,
storage, networks, and other physical machines.
• It is a process that allows a computer to share its hardware resources with
multiple digitally separated environments.
• Each virtualized environment runs within its allocated resources, such as memory,
processing power, and storage.
• Benefits: Efficient resource use, Automated IT management, Faster disaster
recovery
Evolution of Cloud
Computing
3. Web 2.0 (1999)
• Web 2.0 is the second generation of internet development. It focuses mainly on user
interactivity, collaboration, enhanced network connection, and shift from a static to a dynamic
approach to the internet.
• Web 2.0 is characterized by greater user interactivity and collaboration, more pervasive
network connectivity and enhanced communication channels.
• Users were encouraged to provide content, rather than just viewing it.
• Social media allows users to engage and interact with one another by sharing thoughts,
perspectives, and opinions.
• Users can tag, share, post, and like.
Examples: Wikipedia, Facebook
Evolution of Cloud
Computing
4. Service Orientation
• Service-oriented computing aims to make services available and easily accessible
through standardized models and protocols without having to worry about the underlying
infrastructures, development models or implementation details.
• In addition, this model offers users an on-demand usage model where they only use the
services needed for the time needed, which relieves them from having to build and maintain a
complete system in house.
• Middleware was used to facilitate the design, development and implementation of service-
oriented systems.

5. Utility Computing
• Utility computing allows users to scale up and down based on their needs.
• Clients, users, or businesses can rent data storage space, computing power, or even hardware such
as CPUs, monitors, etc.
Benefits
• Accessibility anywhere, with any device
• Ability to get rid of most or all hardware and software
• Price-performance and cost savings
• Centralized data security
• Higher performance and availability
• Quick application deployment
• Instant business insights
• Business continuity
• Virtualized computing
• Cloud computing is greener Reference: https:/
/www.oracle.com/
Challenges
1. Security
• Security, trust, and privacy issues are major obstacles for massive adoption of cloud computing
• The massive use of virtualization technologies exposes the existing system to new threats
• Security issues on the cloud include identity theft, data breaches, malware infections, and a lot more
which eventually decrease the trust amongst the users of your applications.

2. Cloud Interoperability and Standards

• To fully realize cloud computing goal, introducing standards and allowing interoperability
between
solutions offered by different vendors are key objectives
• Vendor lock-in should be removed
• Presence of standards would give room for interoperability
• Cloud Computing Interoperability Forum (CCIF) + Open Connectivity Foundation (OCF)
Challenges
3. Multi-Cloud
Environments
Common cloud computingissues and challenges with multi-cloud
configuration
environments errors,
are lack of security patches, data governance, and no
granularity.
4.Performance Challenges
It is based on vendors. Even a little latency while loading an application or a
web page can result in a huge drop in the percentage of users.
5.High Dependence on Network
Need to ensure that the internet bandwidth is high as well there are zero
network outages
6.Cost Management
Hidden costs appear in the form of underutilized resources in enterprises.
Cloud Computing, IoT and
Networking
1. Smart Farming System using IoT and Cloud
• Use sensors to monitor soil moisture, temperature, and humidity. Send data to the
cloud and automate irrigation based on real-time conditions.
2. Cloud-Based Smart Health Monitoring System
• Wearable IoT devices collect patient vitals and upload them to the cloud for remote
monitoring and emergency alerts.
3. Intelligent Waste Management System
• IoT-enabled bins detect fill levels and send data to the cloud, helping municipalities
plan optimized waste collection routes.
4. Smart Home Automation with Cloud Control
• Control lights, fans, and appliances through an IoT system connected to a cloud-based
dashboard, accessible from anywhere.
5. Real-Time Air Quality Monitoring using IoT and Cloud
• Sensors measure air pollutants (CO₂, PM2.5) and upload data to the cloud for
visualization and health alerts.
Cloud Computing with AI, Machine Learning
(ML), and Deep Learning (DL)
1. Cloud-Based Disease Prediction Using Machine Learning
• Train ML models (e.g., for diabetes or heart disease) and deploy them on cloud
platforms like AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud for remote health diagnostics.
2. AI-Powered Virtual Assistant Hosted on Cloud
• Build a chatbot or voice assistant using NLP and host it on the cloud for scalable
access through websites or mobile apps.
3. Deep Learning-Based Image Recognition System on Cloud
• Train a CNN model for face or object detection and deploy it using cloud services
for real-time image analysis.
4. Cloud-Based Smart Traffic Prediction Using AI
• Use real-time traffic data and machine learning to predict traffic congestion and
suggest alternative routes, all managed via the cloud.
5. Automated Resume Screening System using ML on Cloud
• Develop a system to classify and rank resumes using ML/NLP algorithms,
hosted on the cloud for scalable HR usage.
6. Deep Learning-Based Plant Disease Detection using Cloud
• Upload leaf images from farms to the cloud, where a DL model (CNN) detects
diseases and provides suggestions.
7. Smart Energy Consumption Forecasting using AI and Cloud
• Use machine learning to predict future energy demands based on historical
data and host the analytics dashboard on the cloud.
Cloud Computing and Security
1. Secure Data Storage and Retrieval in Cloud Using AES Encryption
• Encrypt files using AES before uploading to the cloud, ensuring only authorized
users can decrypt and access the data.
2.Multi-Factor Authentication System for Cloud Access
• Implement an authentication system using OTP, biometrics, or QR codes to
improve user login security for cloud services.
3. Blockchain-Based Access Control in Cloud Storage
• Use blockchain to manage and verify access rights for files stored on the cloud,
ensuring tamper-proof access logs.
4. Intrusion Detection System for Cloud Networks Using Machine Learning
• Apply ML algorithms to detect suspicious activity or threats in real-time on cloud-
based systems.
5. Secure File Sharing System in Cloud Using Attribute-Based Encryption
• Allow secure and selective file access using user attributes like role,
department, or ID, with data stored in the cloud.
6. Privacy-Preserving Data Analytics in Cloud Environment
• Enable cloud-based data analysis without revealing raw data using techniques
like homomorphic encryption or differential privacy.
7. Honey Encryption for Cloud Data Security
• Apply honey encryption to mislead attackers by giving them fake (but
believable) data if they try to decrypt with the wrong key.
Deployment Models

NNP 2
8
1. Public
Cloud
• Public Cloud allows systems and services to be easily accessible to general
public.
• It is a suitable for companies and organizations with low-security concerns.
• The services are provided via Internet
• Noneed to manage these resources as cloud computing providers configure
and manage these
services.
• It is used for application development and testing
• Examples: Amazon Elastic Compute cloud, IBM’s Blue cloud, Microsoft Azure,
Google App Engine

Advantages: Cost effective, high scalability, flexibility, reliability, and hassle-

free Infrastructure management service.NNP
29
1. Public Cloud
 2. Private Cloud
• Private Cloud lets you use the infrastructure and resources for a single organization.
• Users and organizations do not share resources with other users. It is also called as
Internal or corporate
model.
• It allows systems and services to be accessible within an organization
• It is managed internally by the organization itself or by third-party
• Private clouds are more costly than public clouds due to their costly maintenance.
• Private Cloud supports a legacy system that cannot access the public cloud.
• Example: Meghdoot SBI cloud (7500 vms)

Advantages: High security and privacy, more control, improved reliability, high
scalability and flexible deployment options
Limitations: High cost for infrastructure, staff training, maintenance
NNP
2. Private Cloud
3. Hybrid
Cloud
• Hybrid Cloud is a mixture of public and private cloud.
• Non-critical activities are performed using public cloud while the
critical activities are performed using private cloud.
• Veryfew companies and organizations can migrate their tech stack to
cloud computing
rapidly in one go.
• Hence,
Cloud vendors came up with a hybrid cloud that offers a
smooth transition with public and private cloud facilities.
• They keep the sensitive data in the private cloud and non-sensitive
data in the public
cloud.
Advantages: Reasonable Cost, scalability and flexibility, improved
security
NNP 3
Limitations: Setting up a hybrid cloud is a complex process, 3
3. Hybrid Cloud

NNP 3
4
4. Community
Cloud
• It allows system and services to be accessible by group of organizations.
• It allows access to only a specific set of users who share common objectives and use
cases.
• It is managed internally by organizations or by the third-party.
• For example, several companies with the same backgrounds share the cloud server.
• If all organizations or companies have the same set of security protocols and
performance requirements, and goals, this multi-tenant architecture can help them
save cost and boost efficiency.
• This model can be used in the case of project development, implementation, and
maintenance.

Advantages: cost-effective solution, improves security, data privacy, and reliability, easily
collaborate and share the data.
Limitations: users often face issues with lower bandwidth capacity with limited storage.
NNP
35
4. Community
Cloud

NNP 3
6
Service Models
Cloud Computing Stack

Fig. The Cloud Computing Reference Model.

Software as a Service
(SaaS)
• It is a software distribution model.
• In this model, the applications are hosted by a cloud service provider and publicized to the
customers over internet. It is also known as cloud application services
• SaaS provides the complete infrastructure, software, and solution stack as the service offering.
• Users pay a monthly or annual fee to use a complete application from within a web browser,
desktop client or mobile app.
• The vendor manages all upgrades and patches to the software, usually invisibly to customers.
• Typically, the vendor ensures a level of availability, performance and security as part of
a
service level agreement (SLA).
• Customers can add more users and data storage on demand at additional cost.
Software as a Service
(SaaS)
• The companies like Google, Microsoft provide their applications as a service to the end users
• Examples of SaaS software for end-users are Google Gmail and Calendar, QuickBooks online,
Zoho Office Suite, etc.

Benefits of SaaS
• it offloads all infrastructure and application management to the SaaS vendor
• Minimal risk
• Easy scalability
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
• PaaS is a programming platform for developers.

• This platform is generated for the programmers to create, test, run and manage the
applications.

• Itprovide a development and deployment platform for running applications in the

cloud.
• Users access the PaaS through a graphical user interface (GUI), where
development or DevOps teams can collaborate on all their work across the
entire application lifecycle including coding, integration, testing, delivery,
deployment and feedback.
 Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Examples of PaaS solutions include AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Google App Engine, Microsoft
Windows Azure and Red Hat OpenShift on IBM Cloud.

Benefits:
 Faster time to market
 Low- to no-risk testing and adoption of new technologies
 Simplified collaboration
 Scalable

 Less to manage
Infrastructure as a Service
(IaaS)
• IaaS is on-demand access to cloud-hosted computing infrastructure (servers,
storage capacity and networking resources) that customers can provision,
configure and use in much the same way as they use on-premises hardware.
• Typically IaaS customers can choose between virtual machines (VMs) hosted
on shared physical hardware (the cloud service provider manages
virtualization) or bare metal servers on dedicated (unshared) physical
hardware.
• The major cloud service provider—Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud, IBM
Cloud, Microsoft Azure
Infrastructure as a
Service (IaaS)
Benefits
 Higher availability
 Lower latency, improved performance
 Improved responsiveness
 Comprehensive security
 Faster access to best-of-breed technology