Functions
ENDCAL13E LECTURE 1
Topics to be Discussed:
1.Definiton of function
2.Determining Function
3.Function notation
4.Finding the domain of the function
5.Composition of function
Learning Outcomes
By the end of the discussion, the students
should be able to:
1. Define a function as a relation that assigns exactly one output
for each input
2. Interpret and use function notation to represent and evaluate
functions for given inputs.
3. Identify the domain (set of all possible input values) of a
function.
4. Perform function composition and evaluate composite functions.
Functions
•A relation is a function provided there is
exactly one output for each input.
•It is NOT a function if one input has more than
one output
In order for a relationship to be a function…
EVERY INPUT MUST HAVE AN OUTPUT
TWO DIFFERENT INPUTS CAN HAVE THE
SAME OUTPUT
ONE INPUT CAN HAVE ONLY ONE
OUTPUT
INPUT
(DOMAIN)
Functions
FUNCTION
MACHINE
OUTPUT (RANGE)
Which of the following relations are
functions?
R= {(9,10), (-5, -2), (2, -1), (3, -9)}
S= {(6, a), (8, f), (6, b), (-2, p)}
T= {(z, 7), (y, -5), (r, 7), (z, 0), (k, 0)}
No two ordered pairs can have the same
first coordinate
(and different second coordinates).
Identify the Domain and Range. Then tell if the
relation is a function.
Input Output
-3 3
1 1
3 -2
4
Function?
Yes: each input is mapped
Domain = {-3, onto exactly one output
1,3,4}
Range = {-2,1,3}
Identify the Domain and Range.
Then tell if the relation is a function.
Input Output
-3 3
1 -2
4 1
4
Notice the set notation!!!
Domain = {-3, 1,4} Function?
No: input 1 is mapped onto
Range = {3,-2,1,4} Both -2 & 1
1. {(2,5) , (3,8) , (4,6) , (7, 20)}
2. {(1,4) , (1,5) , (2,3) , (9, 28)}
3. {(1,0) , (4,0) , (9,0) , (21, 0)}
The Vertical Line Test
If it is possible for a vertical line to
intersect a graph at more than one
point, then the graph is NOT the
graph of a function.
Use the vertical line test to visually check if the
relation is a function.
(4,4)
(-3,3)
(1,1)
(1,-2)
Function?
No, Two points are on
The same vertical line.
Use the vertical line test to visually check if the
relation is a function.
(-3,3)
(1,1) (3,1)
(4,-2)
Function?
Yes, no two points are
on the same vertical line
#1 Function?
#2 Function?
#3 Function?
#4 Function?
#5 Function?
Function Notation
f (x)
“f of x”
Input = x
Output = f(x) = y
Before… Now…
y = 6 – 3x f(x) = 6 – 3x
x y x f(x)
-2 12 -2 12
-1 9 (x, y) -1 9 (x, f(x))
0 6 0 6
1 3 1 3
2 0 2 0
(input, output)
Example.
f(x) = 2x2 – 3
Find f(0), f(-3), f(5).
Finding the Domain of a Function
• When a function is defined by an equation and the domain of
the function is not stated, we assume that the domain is
All Real Numbers
• There will be certain cases where specific numbers cannot be
included in the domain or a set of numbers cannot be included
in the domain
Examples…
• f(x) = 2x – 5
*there would be no restrictions on this, so the
domain is All Real Numbers
• g(x) = 1
x–2
*a denominator cannot equal 0, so x ≠ 2. The
domain is {x | x ≠ 2}
• h(x) = √x + 6
*you cannot take the square root of a negative
number, so x must be ≥ -6. The domain is {x | x ≥ -6}
Find the domain of each function
• 1. f(x) = x2 + 2
• 2. g(x) = √x – 1
• h(x) = 1
x+5
Answer:
1. All real numbers
2. {x / x ≥ 1 }
3. { x / x ≠-5}
• Composition of Functions
• Now, let’s consider a very important way
of combining two functions to get a new function.
– Suppose f(x) = x and g(x) = x2 + 1.
– We may define a function h as:
h( x ) f (g ( x )) f ( x 2 1) x 2 1
• The function h is made up of the functions f and
g in an interesting way:
– Given a number x, we first apply to it
the function g, then apply f to the result.
• Given two functions f and g, the composite function
f ◦ g (also called the composition
of f and g) is defined by:
(f ◦ g)(x) = f(g(x))
• Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x – 3.
(a) Find the functions f ◦ g and g ◦ f.
(b) Find (f ◦ g)(5) and (g ◦ f )(7).
(a)
(b)
• You can see that, in general, f ◦ g ≠ g ◦ f.
– Remember that the notation f ◦ g means
that the function g is applied first and then
f is applied second.
• If f(x) = x and g(x) = 2 x , find
the following functions
(a) f ◦ g (b) g ◦ f
(c) f ◦ f (d) g ◦ g
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
A Composition of Three Functions
• It is possible to take the composition of three or
more functions.
– For instance, the composite function f ◦ g ◦ h is
found by first applying h, then g, and then f as
follows:
(f ◦ g ◦ h)(x) = f(g(h(x)))
• Find f ◦ g ◦ h if:
f(x) = x/(x + 1) , g(x) = x10 , h(x) = x + 3
• Find f ◦ g ◦ h if:
f(x) = x/(x + 1) , g(x) = x10 , h(x) = x + 3
•
Seatwork:
1. Given f(x) = 3x2 +3x -1, find f(1) and f(2)
2. Find the domain of the function f(x) =
3. Given g(x) = x2
find (f ◦ g)(1) and (g◦ f)(1)
