Unit 2
control structures
• Control structure : python's control structures dictate the order in which code is
executed, enabling decision-making and repetitive actions.
Control structures
1. Selection statements
2. Iterative statements
3. Jumping statements
1. Sequential Control:
• Statements are executed in the order they appear from top to
bottom. This is the default flow of a Python program.
• Ex:
• # Sequential execution
print("First statement")
x = 10
print(f"Value of x: {x}")
print("Last statement")
2. Selection (Conditional)
Control:
• Code blocks are executed based on whether a condition is true or false . It has 3 types
I.) if statement: Executes a block of code if a condition is true.
Syntax:
if ( condition):
…………………..
…………………..
Ex : age = 18
if age >= 18:
print("You are an adult.")
Indentation:
• Indentation in Python is used to define blocks of code.
• Indentation is achieved using whitespace (spaces or tabs) at the
beginning of each line.
if condition:
# Indented block of code
statement1
statement2
else:
# Indented block of code
statement3
statement4
Cont…
II.) elif statement: Executes one block if the condition is true and
another if it's false.
Syntax:
if ( condition):
…………………..
elif :
…………………..
Ex:
temperature = 25
if temperature > 30:
print("It's hot outside.")
elif :
print("It's not too hot.")
if-elif-else
Syntax:
if ( condition-1):
…………………..
…………………..
elif (condition-2):
…………………..
…………………..
else:
…………………..
…………………..
• else: Allows checking multiple conditions sequentially
• score = 85
if score >= 90:
print("Grade A")
elif score >= 80:
print("Grade B")
else:
print("Grade C")
3. Repetition (Looping) Control:
• Code blocks are executed repeatedly until a certain condition is met or for a
specific number of iterations.
• for loop :iterates over a sequence(e.g list ,string, tuple)
• Syntax:
for variable_name in range(stop):
# Code to be executed in each iteration
range(stop)
Ex : for i in range(10)
range(start , stop)
Ex : for I in range(1,10)
range(start ,stop , step)
Ex: for I in range(10,0,-1)
Ex:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for fruit in fruits:
print(fruit)
for i in range(5): # Iterates from 0 to 4
print(i)
•while loop: Executes a block of code as long as a condition
remains true.
.…… .
Ex:
count=0
while count<3:
print(count)
count+=1
Loop control statements
1.)break: Terminates the current loop entirely
for i in range(10):
if i == 5:
break
print(i)
0/p:
0
1
2
3
4
2.)continue:
• Skips the rest of the current iteration and proceeds to the next iteration of the loop.
Ex:
for i in range(10):
if i % 2 == 0:
continue
print(i)
o/p:
1
3
5
7
9
Pass:
• It is a null operation; it does nothing when executed.
• It's useful as a placeholder for code that you plan to write in the future.
for i in range(5):
if i == 3:
pass
print(i)
o/p:
0
1
2
3
4
