OE: Machine Learning

In Practice
6OE319

Mr.S.D.Pujari (Asst. Professor)

Course Objectives and Outcomes
Syllabus
Introduction
• Machine learning was defined in 90’s by Arthur Samuel described as
the,” it is a field of study that gives the ability to the computer for
self-learn without being explicitly programmed”, that means imbuing
knowledge to machines without hard-coding it.

• “A computer algorithm/program is said to learn from performance

measure P and experience E with some class of tasks T if its
performance at tasks in T, as measured by P, improves with
experience E.” -Tom M. Mitchell.
Why we need Machine Learning
• Impossible to understand all of the data with higher speed and higher
accuracy due to its growth.
• More than 80% of the data is unstructured that is audios, videos,
photos, documents, graphs, etc.
• Finding patterns in data on planet earth is impossible for human
brains.
• The data has been very massive, the time taken to compute would
increase, and this is where Machine Learning comes into action, to
help people with significant data in minimum time.
Why we need Machine Learning
• Machine Learning is a sub-field of AI.
• AI solves tasks that require human intelligence while ML is a subset
of artificial intelligence that solves specific tasks by learning from
data and making predictions.
• ML is AI but all AI is not ML.
• Applying AI, we wanted to build better and intelligent machines.
• It sounds similar to a new child learning from itself.
Difference between AI and ML
Types of Machine Learning
1.Supervised Learning
• Supervised Learning is the first type of machine learning, in
which labelled data used to train the algorithms.

• In supervised learning, algorithms are trained using marked data,

where the input and the output are known.

• We input the data in the learning algorithm as a set of inputs, which is

called as Features, denoted by X along with the corresponding
outputs, which is indicated by Y, and the algorithm learns by
comparing its actual production with correct outputs to find errors.
Supervised Learning (labelled
data)
Supervised Learning
• It then modifies the model accordingly.
• The raw data divided into two parts.
• The first part is for training the algorithm, and the other region used
for test the trained algorithm.
• Training data=Used to train the model
• Testing data=used to test the model to check accuracy
Supervised Learning
Types of supervised learning
Regression
• Regression is the type of Supervised Learning in which labelled data
used, and this data is used to make predictions in a continuous form.
• The output of the input is always ongoing, and the graph is linear.
• Regression is a form of predictive modelling technique which
investigates the relationship between a dependent variable[Outputs]
and independent variable[Inputs].
• This technique used for forecasting the weather, time series
modelling, process optimization.
Regression
• Ex:- One of the examples of the regression technique is House Price
Prediction, where the price of the house will predict from the inputs
such as No of rooms, Locality, Ease of transport, Age of house, Area of
a home.
Classification
• Classification is the type of Supervised Learning in which labelled data
is used, and this data is used to make predictions in a non-continuous
form.
• The output of the information is not always continuous, and the graph
is non-linear.
• In the classification technique, the algorithm learns from the data
input given to it and then uses this learning to classify new
observation.
• This data set may merely be bi-class, or it may be multi-class too.
Classification
• Ex:- One of the examples of classification problems is to check
whether the email is spam or not spam by train the algorithm for
different spam words or emails.
2.Unsupervised Learning
• Unlabeled data are used to train the algorithm, which means it used
against data that has no historical labels.
• What is being showing must figure out by the algorithm.
• The purpose is to explore the data and find some structure within.
• In unsupervised learning the data is unlabeled, and the input of raw
information directly to the algorithm without pre-processing of the
data and without knowing the output of the data and the data can
not divide into a train or test data.
2.Unsupervised Learning
• The algorithm figures out the data and according to the data
segments, it makes clusters of data with new labels.
• This learning technique works well on transactional data.
• For example, it can identify segments of customers with similar
attributes who can then be treated similarly in marketing campaigns.
Or it can find the primary qualities that separate customer segments
from each other.
• These algorithms are also used to segment text topics, recommend
items and identify data outliers.
Unsupervised Learning
(unlabeled data)
Unsupervised Learning
Clustering
• Clustering is the type of Unsupervised Learning in which unlabeled
data used, and it is the process of grouping similar entities together,
and then the grouped data is used to make clusters.
• The goal of this unsupervised machine learning technique is to find
similarities in the data point and group similar data points together
and to figures out that new data should belong to which cluster.
Clustering
Dimensionality Reduction
• Dimensionality Reduction is the type of Unsupervised Learning, in
which the dimensions of the data is reduced to remove the unwanted
data from the input.
• This technique is used to remove the undesirable features of the data.
• It relates to the process of converting a set of data having large
dimensions into data with carries same data and small sizes.
• These techniques used while solving machine learning problems to
obtain better features.
Dimensionality Reduction
3.Reinforcement Learning
• Reinforcement Learning is the third type of machine learning in which
no raw data is given as input instead reinforcement learning algorithm
have to figures out the situation on their own.
• The reinforcement learning frequently used for robotics, gaming, and
navigation.
• With reinforcement learning, the algorithm discovers through trial
and error which actions yield the most significant rewards.
• This type of training has three main components which are the agent
which can describe as the learner or decision maker, the environment
which described as everything the agent interacts with and actions
which represented as what the agent can do.
Reinforcement Learning

• The objective is for the agent to take actions that maximize the
expected reward over a given measure of time.
• The agent will reach the goal much quicker by following a good policy.
So the purpose of reinforcement learning is to learn the best plan.
Applications of Machine Learning