Analog and Digital

Communication
 Syllabus
MODULE 1: Introduction to Communication System : INTRODUCTION and AMPLITUDE
MODULATION - Elements of Communication System, Need of Modulation, Applications,
Time and Frequency Domain Representation of AM, Modulation Index and Transmission
Power Calculation, DSB-SC, SSB, VSB.

Generation of AM waves-square law Modulator, Principle of Detection of AM Wave-

envelope detector.

Generation of DSBSC Waves, Balanced Modulators, Coherent detection of DSB-SC

Modulated waves. Phase discrimination method for generating AM SSB Modulated waves.
Demodulation of SSB Waves using Coherent detection, Frequency Division Multiplexing .
MODULE 2: Angle Modulation and Noise:ANGLE MODULATION - Time
and Frequency Domain Representation, FM, NBFM, WBFM and PM, Modulation Index of FM and
PM, Transmission bandwidth of FM waves, Relation between FM and PM. Generation of FM
waves: Indirect FM, Direct FM.
Demodulation of FM waves: Balanced frequency discriminator, Zero-crossing detector.
TRANSMITTER, RECEIVER AND NOISE –AM Transmitter, FM Transmitter, Tuned radio
frequency receiver, Superheterodyne receiver, Comparison of FM receiver with AM Receiver,
Source of noise, Noise in AM using envelop detector, Noise in FM, Pre-emphasis & de-emphasis in
FM.
MODULE 3: SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION
SAMPLING PROCESS - Block diagram of Digital communication system, Sampling process,
Sampling theorem, quadrature sampling of bandpass signals, multirate sampling, sampling rate
conversion, Signal distortion in sampling, Practical aspects of sampling and signal recovery.
QUANTIZATION - Quantization & Coding, Quantization error, Companding in PCM systems,
Differential PCM system, Delta modulation (DM) and its drawbacks, adaptive delta modulation.
MODULE 4: Baseband data transmission: BASEBAND SHAPING
FOR DATA TRANSMISSION - Line Coding, Characteristics of Line coding, Discrete PAM signals,
Power spectra of discrete PAM signals, Inter symbol Interference, Nyquist criterion for distortion
less baseband binary transmission, Correlative coding, Eye pattern.
DETECTION OF SIGNALS - Orthogonal signals, Geometric interpretation of signals, Correlation
receiver, Matched filter, Properties of matched filter, ML detector.

MODULE 5: Pass Band Modulation Techniques :PASS BAND

MODULATION AND DEMODULATION -Coherent modulation techniques-ASK, FSK, PSK,
QPSK, signal representation, Generation and detection, deriving probability of error for coherent
ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK, Non coherent binary modulation techniques.
Long Distance Communication 5
Electrical Communication 6

Systems
Communication System 7

 Communication system
is a combination of circuits and devices put together to
accomplish a reliable transmission of information from
one point to another.

Communication
Source Destination
System
 8

What is the purpose of a communication system?

nalhareqi-2016
How to build a communication system?
 9

Communication
Source Destination
System

Destination
Channel
Source

Transmitt
Receiver
er
Communications System Model 10

 A typical communication system can be modeled as

Input Input Transmitted Received Output
message signal Output
signal signal signal message

Input Output
Source

Transmitt

Destination
Transduc Channel Receiver Transduc
er
er er

Distortio
Sender/ Receiver
n
Transmitter
And
Noise
11
Source 12

 Produces
an input message( voice, picture,
computer data etc ).
 Thereare many different types of sources and
there are different forms for messages.
 In general, input messages
 Discrete: Finite set of outcomes. “Digital ”
 Continuous: Infinite set of outcomes. “Analog”
Input Transducer 13
 If the input message is nonelectrical ( e.g. voice),
it must be converted by an input transducer to
an electrical signal
A transducer: is a device that converts one form of
energy into another.
 In the communication system, it convert the
output of a source into an electrical signal that is
suitable for processing; e.g., a microphone and a
camera.
 Transmitter 14

The transmitter converts the electrical signal into a

form that is suitable for transmission through the

transmission medium or channel by a process called

modulation.

Data form depends on the channel.

Channel 15

Channel: medium used to transfer signal from transmitter to receiver

Channel can be wired or wireless.

While the signal is travelling through the channel(the medium) it is

always attenuated (and the level of attenuation increases with distance).

Also, the signal shape may be changed during the transmission i.e.

become ‘distorted’.
Noise 16

 The signal is not only distorted by a channel, but it is also

contaminated along the path by undesirable signals
lumped under the broad term noise
 Noise are random and unpredictable signals from causes
external ( such interference from signals transmitted on
nearby channels) and internal ( such noise resulted from
thermal motion of electrons in conductors).
Receiver 17

 The function of the receiver is to recover the message signal

contained in the signal received from the channel (received
signal).
 The received signal is a corrupted version of the transmitted
signal.
 So, the receiver reconstruct a recognizable form of the original
message signal.
 It reprocess the received signal by undoing the signal
modifications ( demodulation) made at the transmitter and the
channel.
Output Transducer 18

 The receiver output is fed to the output transducer,

which convert the electrical signals that are received
into a form that is suitable for the final destination;
e.g., speaker, monitor, etc.
Multiplexing
 Multiplexing can also be defined as a technique that allows simultaneous transmission
of multiple signals across a single data link.
 The process of making the most effective use of the available channel capacity is
called Multiplexing.
 The multiplexer is connected to the demultiplexer by a single data link. The
multiplexer combines (multiplexes) data from these ‘n’ input lines and transmits them
through the high capacity data link, which is being demultiplexed at the other end and is
delivered to the appropriate output lines.
Types of Multiplexing

 Frequency Division Multiplexing

 Time Division Multiplexing
 Code Division Multiplexing.
Modulation
 Modulation is the process of changing some characteristics (amplitude,
frequency or phase) of a carrier wave in accordance with the
instantaneous value of the modulation signal.
 There are 3-types of modulations:
I. Amplitude modulation
II. Frequency modulation
III. Phase modulation

 I. Amplitude modulation
 Amplitude modulation is defined as the modulation in which the amplitude of
the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of
the modulating signal, keeping its (carrier) frequency & phase constant
II. Frequency modulation

Frequency modulation is defines as the modulation in which the frequency of

the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of
the modulating signal, keeping its (carrier) amplitude & phase constant.

III. Phase modulation

Phase modulation is defines as the modulation in which the phase of the carrier
wave is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal, keeping its (carrier) amplitude & frequency constant.
Need of Modulation
Reduction in the height of antenna
For the transmission of radio signals, the antenna height must be multiple
of λ/4,where λ is the wavelength .
λ = c /f
where c : is the velocity of light
f: is the frequency of the signal to be transmitted
The minimum antenna height required to transmit a baseband signal of f = 10 kHz
is calculated as follows :

The antenna of this height is practically impossible to install .

 Now, let us consider a modulated signal at f = 1 MHz . The minimum antenna
height is given by,

 This antenna can be easily installed practically . Thus, modulation reduces the
height of the antenna .
Avoids mixing of signals
 If the baseband sound signals are transmitted without using the modulation by
more than one transmitter, then all the signals will be in the same frequency
range i.e. 0 to 20 kHz . Therefore, all the signals get mixed together and a
receiver can not separate them from each other .
 Hence, if each baseband sound signal is used to modulate a different carrier then
they will occupy different slots in the frequency domain (different channels).
Thus, modulation avoids mixing of signals.
Multiplexing is possible
 Multiplexing is a process in which two or more signals can be transmitted over
the same communication channel simultaneously .
 This is possible only with modulation.
 The multiplexing allows the same channel to be used by many signals Hence,
many TV channels can use the same frequency range, without getting mixed with
each other or different frequency signals can be transmitted at the same time .
Time domain description – Amplitude Modulation

 The instantaneous value of modulating signal is given by

where 𝐴𝑚 is the maximum amplitude of the modulating signal ,𝑓𝑚 is the modulating signal frequency
 Consider a sinusoidal carrier wave defined 𝑐(𝑡)

 where 𝐴𝑐 is the carrier amplitude and 𝑓𝑐 is the carrier frequency

 An amplitude-modulated (AM) wave may thus be described as a function of time as follows:

 where 𝑘𝑎=1/𝐴𝑐 is a constant called the amplitude sensitivity of the modulator

Equ 1.3 can be rewritten as
 In amplitude modulation, information pertaining to the message signal 𝑚(𝑡) resides solely in the envelope,
which is defined as the amplitude of the modulated wave 𝑠(𝑡) — that is, 𝐴𝑐 [1 + 𝑘𝑎𝑚(𝑡)]


 envelope of 𝑠(𝑡) has essentially the same shape as the message signal provided that two conditions are
satisfied:
 When the amplitude sensitivity 𝑘𝑎 of the modulator is large enough to make |
𝑘𝑎𝑚(𝑡)|>1 for any t, the carrier wave becomes over modulated, resulting in
carrier phase reversals whenever the factor crosses zero.
 It is therefore apparent that by avoiding overmodulation.
 The absolute maximum value of 𝑘𝑎𝑚(𝑡) multiplied by 100 is referred to as the
percentage modulation.
2. The carrier frequency 𝑓𝑐 is much greater than the highest frequency
component 𝑊 of the message signal 𝑚(𝑡)—that is, 𝑓𝑐≫𝑊
𝑊 is the message bandwidth
Eqs. (1.8) and (1.9) are satisfied, demodulation of the AM wave is achieved by
using an envelope detector, which is defined as a device whose output traces the
envelope of the AM wave acting as the input signal
Single tone Amplitude Modulation/ Sinusoidal AM
 If the message signal contains single frequency component, then the resulting modulated signal is
known as single tone AM.
 Consider a modulating wave 𝑚(𝑡) that consists of a single tone or single frequency component
given by

 Then the corresponding single-tone AM wave is given by

Generation of AM waves

There are two important methods of AM

generation for low power applications:
1. Square law modulator
2. Switching modulator
Square law modulator
The square-law modulator consists of three elements:

1. Summer: It adds the carrier and modulating signal.

2. Non-linear device: A device with non-linear input and output relation.

3. Band pass filter (BPF): It extract desired signal (term) from modulator product.

The semiconductor diodes or transistor can be used as non-linear element and single or

double tuned circuit can be used as a filter.

Principle of Detection of AM Wave-
envelope detector
 Demodulation or detection is the process of recording
the original message signal from the modulated wave at
the receiver. Demodulation is the inverse of the
modulation process.
 There are two types of detectors:
 1. Square law demodulator
 2. Envelope detector
Envelope detector
Advantage of AM waves
1. AM transmitter are less complex
2. AM receivers are simple, detection is easy
3. AM receivers are cost efficient.

Disadvantage of AM waves
1. Power is wasted in the transmitted signal
2. AM needs longer bandwidth
3. AM waves gets affected due to noise
DSBSC (Double Side Band
Suppressed Carrier) modulation:

 DSBSC modulators make use of the multiplying action in which the

modulating signal multiplies the carrier wave. In this system, the

carrier component is eliminated and both upper and lower side bands

are transmitted. As the carrier component is suppressed, the power

required for transmission is less than that of AM.

Time domain representation of DSB-SC
wave
Frequency domains description
Generation of DSBSC Waves

A DSB-SC wave simply consists of the product of

the modulating signal and the carrier signal.
The devices used to generate DSB-SC waves are
known as the product modulators.
There are two types of modulator:
1. Balanced modulator
2. Ring modulator
Balanced modulator (Product modulator)
Coherent detection of DSB-SC
Modulated waves
SSB (Single Side Band Suppressed
Carrier) modulation
 When only one sideband is transmitted, the modulation
referred to as Single Sideband Modulation.
 Channel required the same bandwidth as the message
signal.
Phase discrimination method- SSB
Generation
Demodulation of SSB Waves
(coherent detection)
Vestigial side band modulation:

 Vestigial sideband is a type of Amplitude modulation in

which one side band is completely passed along with
trace or tail or vestige of the other side band.

 VSB is a compromise between SSB and DSBSC

modulation.

 Assume that the Lower side band is modified into the

vestigial side band
Frequency-Division Multiplexing
(FDM)
 In frequency division multiplexing, the available bandwidth of a

single physical medium is subdivided into several independent

frequency channels.

 Independent message signals are translated into different

frequency bands using modulation techniques, which are combined

by a linear summing circuit in the multiplexer, to a composite signal

FDM Multiplexing