Subject Name : Java Programming

Subject Code: CSE208

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Course Objectives
 This course will help the learner to develop Java console applications using
packages, interfaces, classes, exception handling mechanism, and Collections
framework.
 The learner can also develop multi-threaded applications using Java thread
model. –execute more than one sequential set (thread) of instructions
 The learner will also be able to design GUI using Swing controls and event
handling mechanism.
 A graphical user interface (GUI) is a type of user interface through
which users interact with electronic devices via visual indicator representations.

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Syllabus
UNIT - I
Introduction: History and Evolution of Java - Overview of Java - Data types, Variables and
Arrays - Operators - Control Statements - Introducing Classes - A closer look at Methods and
Classes - Inheritance. Packages and Interfaces - Exception Handling

UNIT - II
Multithreaded Programming: Java Thread Model - The Main Thread - Creating a Thread -
Creating Multiple Threads - Thread Priorities - Synchronization. I/O: I/O Basics – Reading
Console Input - Writing Console Output. String Handling: String - String Buffer - String
Builder

UNIT - III
Collections Framework: Collection Interfaces - Collection, List, Set, Sorted Set – Collection
Classes - Array List, Hash Set, Tree Set - Accessing a collection via an Iterator - Working
with Maps - Comparators. Event Handling: Introduction - Event Delegation - Model - Event
classes - Sources of Events - Event Listener - Adapter Classes - Inner Classes in Event
Handling

UNIT - IV
Introducing GUI Programming with Swing: Introducing Swing - Exploring Swing – Introducing
Swing Menus
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Text Book

TEXTBOOK
1. Herbert Schildt, Java The Complete Reference, Tata McGraw Hill, Eleventh
Edition,2019.
REFERENCES
1. Harvey M. Deitel and Paul J. Deitel. JAVA: How to Program, Prentice Hall,
Ninth Edition,2012.
2. Kathy Sierra and Bert Bates. Head First Java, OReilly, Second Edition, 2009.
ONLINE MATERIAL
1. http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-092-
introduction-to-programming-in-java-january-iap-2010/lecture-notes/

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The History and Evolution of Java

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• Computer language innovation and development occurs
for two fundamental reasons:

– To adapt to changing environments and uses

– To implement refinements and improvements in the art of
programming

• when a computer language is designed, trade-offs are often

made
– Ease-of-use versus power
– Safety versus efficiency
– Rigidity versus extensibility

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 Java’s Lineage
– FORTRAN Efficient but not suitable for system programs
– BASIC Easy but not powerful
– Assembly language Efficient but not easy to learn and debug
– BASIC, COBOL and FORTRAN were not designed around structured principles. Since they
use GOTO statements, the program is complex
– programs written using these languages tended to produce “spaghetti code”—a mass of
tangled jumps and conditional branches that make a program virtually impossible to
understand
– Pascal Structured but not efficient
– C Structured, efficient, high-level language that could replace assembly code when creating
systems programs.
– C++ OOP is a programming methodology that helps real world modeling through the use of
inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism.

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– Binary machine instructions.
– Assembly language
– Unstructured High-level languages (FORTRAN)
– Structured high level languages (C)
– OOPS (C++)

–Java
platform-independent (that is, architecture neutral) language
 used to create software to be embedded in various consumer
electronic devices, such as microwave ovens and remote controls
 C or C++ are designed to be compiled for a specific target

 Design a C++ compiler for each architecture but its time as well as cost
consuming approach
 Java – concentrate on Internet programming

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• Java was conceived by James Gosling, Patrick Naughton, Chris Warth, Ed Frank and
Mike Sheridan at Sun Microsystems
• This language was initially called “Oak,”-1991 renamed “Java” in 1995
• The C# Connection

– Created by Microsoft to support the .NET Framework,

– C# is closely related to Java. For example, both share the same general
syntax, support distributed programming, and utilize the same object model

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 How Java Changed the Internet
• Java innovated a new type of networked program called the applet

• An applet is a special kind of Java program that is designed to be transmitted over the Internet and
automatically executed by a Java-compatible web browser
• applet is downloaded on demand
– If the user clicks a link that contains an applet, the applet will be
automatically downloaded and run in the browser.
• In network, there are two broad categories of objects are transmitted between server and our
personal machine
– Passive objects (Email)
– Dynamic active programs (self executing programs) act as a active agent in client machine yet
it is initiated by server.
– applet is a dynamic, self-executing program.
• a normal program that downloads and executes automatically on the client
computer it may cause harm

• It can’t run in a variety of different environments and under different operating

systems.
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- Java solved these problems in an effective and elegant way 10
• Security

– downloading a “normal” program, might contain a virus, Trojan horse, or

other harmful code
– that malicious code can cause its damage because it has gained
unauthorized access to system resources

– Java achieved this protection by confining an applet to the Java execution

environment and not allowing it access to other parts of the computer
• Portability

– the same applet can be executed by the wide variety of CPUs, operating
systems, and browsers connected to the Internet

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• Java’s Magic: The Bytecode
– output of a Java compiler is not executable code. Rather, it is bytecode.
– Bytecode is a highly optimized set of instructions
– executed by the Java run-time system, which is called the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
– JVM was designed as an interpreter(translate line by line) for bytecode.

– JVM will differ from platform to platform all understand the same Java bytecode
• Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler for bytecode
– JIT compiler is partof the JVM,
– selected portions of bytecode are compiled into executable code in real time, on a piece-
by-piece, demand basis

– It is important to understand that it is not practical to compile an entire Java program into
executable code all at once, because Java performs various run-time checks that can be
done only at run time
– Instead, a JIT compiler compiles code as it is needed, during execution
– not all sequences of bytecode are compiled—only those that will benefit from compilation
– The remaining code is simply interpreted. However, the just-in-time
approach still yields a significant performance boost
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• Servlets: Java on the Server Side

– A servlet is a small program that executes on the server

– Servlets are used to create dynamically generated content that is then served to
the client

– For example, an online store might use a servlet to look up the price for an item
in a database. The price information is then used to dynamically
generate a web page that is sent to the browser

– Although dynamically generated content is available through mechanisms such

as CGI (Common Gateway Interface), the servlet offers several advantages,
including increased performance

– Because servlets (like all Java programs) are compiled into bytecode an
executed by the JVM, they are highly portable

– only requirements are that the server support the JVM and a servlet
container.
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• Java Buzzwords
– Simple
– Secure
– Portable
– Object-oriented
– Robust
– Multithreaded
– Architecture-neutral
– Interpreted
– High performance
– Distributed
– Dynamic

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• Simple
• experienced C++ programmer, moving to Java will require very little effort
• Because Java inherits the C/C++ syntax and many of the object- oriented
features of C++

• Object-Oriented
• Everything in java is an object

• Robust
• Strict compile time and run time checking
• in C/C++, the programmer will often manually allocate and free all
dynamic memory
• Here deallocation is completely automatic, because Java provides
garbage collection for unused objects
• Java provides object-oriented exception handling
• Multithreaded
– programs that do many things simultaneously
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• Architecture-Neutral
• “write once; run anywhere, any time, forever.”

• Interpreted and High Performance

JVM and JIT

• Distributed
• Java is designed for the distributed environment of the Internet because
it handles TCP/IP protocols
• accessing a resource using a URL is not much different from
accessing a file
• Java also supports Remote Method Invocation (RMI). This feature
enables a program to invoke methods across a network

• Dynamic
• Dynamically linking new class libraries ,methods, object
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Thank you