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What do mattresses and a box of matches have in common? It's not just that they’re both rectangular—both can can be very flammable if you're not careful. Mattresses have historically posed a significant fire hazard, and they still can without careful attention to the materials used.
In the US, an estimated 20,800 residential fires occurred due to mattresses and bedding igniting from flame exposure between 1996 and 1998, according to FEMA. At that time, fires involving mattresses and bedding were causing double the death and injury of all residential structure fires.
Something had to be done, and the solution was the incorporation of fire retardants. While they don't make a bed fully fireproof, they slow the spread of fire and ultimately prevent sleepers from becoming the Human Torch. New federal standards for mattress flammability took effect in July 2007. But some of the new fire retardants used have created concerns about other health affects, especially if the worst comes to pass and it does ignite. What could you potentially be breathing in, or coming into contact with—and are there long-term repercussions from that exposure? To understand what makes a mattress safe from and in fires, we need to understand the different forms of flame retardant and how they perform in various scenarios.
Fiberglass: Friend or Foe?
Fiberglass has been the fire barrier of choice for many a mattress for a long time. You can usually find it in one of two places: the mattress cover, or a thin internal sleeve that’s usually called a “fire sock.” Fiberglass is very good as a flame retardant since it won't burn and has an extremely high melting point, 2,237 degrees Fahrenheit. It's a cheap material that's easy to integrate into a mattress.
But fiberglass has some serious drawbacks. If it splinters off and is inhaled or touched, it can cause significant damage to your skin or internal organs. Consumers have become increasingly aware of this problem, and pushback against mattresses with a fiberglass layer has become prevalent on social media, like a fairly recent wave of posts on TikTok.
Mattresses that do contain fiberglass have to say so on the attached label. The mattress tag may not, however, show what fire retardant chemicals are being used in the mattress instead. This is where certifications, careful research, and the recommendation of trusted testers are going to be crucial in picking the right product. WIRED, for example, does not recommend beds that contain fiberglass.
What Are the Alternatives?
We opt to test mattresses that have certifications to behold. While things like CertiPUR-US certification only lends itself to memory foam, it still points to a safer sleep experience. But to bypass fiberglass altogether, there are many alternatives to consider. Here are some of the most common in mattresses we have tested:
Wool contains two major elements that aren’t flame-friendly: nitrogen and water. It requires some serious heat to catch fire (around 1,060 to 1,115 degrees Fahrenheit). Even, then it isn’t the easiest to burn and may take more time to smolder before ultimately snuffing the fire out itself. Similarly, cashmere and mohair (courtesy of Angora goats) are naturally fire-resistant animal-based materials that prevent the spread of flame. They too contain a lot of moisture and will shrivel up like wool when subjected to flame.
Rayon can be derived from the wood pulp from a variety of plant sources—for example, we often see it in bamboo sheets. It’s classified as a “semi-synthetic fiber” because it requires pretty serious chemical treatment in order to be transformed from a pulpy goo to the finished material. To make it fire resistant, though, rayon requires the use of silica. When subjected to flame, this mineral creates a char barrier that halts flames from progressing. Silica treatments can serve as a fire barrier in other materials as well.
Synthetic fibers, namely nylon and polyester, are both heavily plastic-based. Simply put, they require very high levels of heat to melt. “Melt” is the key word here, as even when subjected to flame exposure, the first reaction isn’t to self-ignite.
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What to Avoid
Aside from fiberglass, there are a few other flame retardants you want to avoid. The good news is that for the most part, you shouldn't encounter many of these, as the majority have been banned over health concerns. But if something feels amiss, it's a go-with-your-gut situation. Are there noxious chemical smells coming from the bed? Is your skin reacting to it? Do you think you're breathing weird after sleeping on it? Double-check the legal tag, and reach out to customer service to confirm what's being used in the bed. But it still might not provide you all the answers you're seeking. Again, this is where material certifications are so important, because they verify the absence of these things in the finished product.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are known as “forever chemicals” because once they enter the body, they make themselves permanently at home. While they work as a fire barrier, they can have long-term health ramifications after exposure, resulting in various forms of neurological and hormonal disorders. However, their usage in mattresses has been mostly phased out for these reasons.
Decabromodiphenyl oxide (DecaBdE) is similar to PBDEs in that it doesn't vacate the body. While it's been banned from use since 2013, it was used in mattresses, textiles, and plastic products. Long-term accumulation can lead outcomes similar to those of PBDEs, like reproductive, thyroid, neurological, and liver disorders.
Chlorinated tris (TDCPP) is another chemical flame retardant that can be found in some polyurethane foams, whether that be a mattress, piece of furniture, or clothing. It was banned in California back in 2020 and is listed on the Proposition 65 chemical list that could lead to serious long-term ramifications.
Antimony trioxide can be used in foam and plastic production as a flame-resistant substance, but it has been studied for carcinogenic outcomes. It, too, is on California's Proposition 65 chemical list.
Organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRS) were used as an alternative to PBDEs, especially as a flame retardant in foams, furniture, and tech products. Unfortunately, more research is coming to light on the downsides of OPFRs. Exposure can be linked to potential birth defects, can complicate pregnancies (like premature birth), and can cause health issues neurologically and hormonally for children in particular.
Boric acid can be used as a flame retardant. But it's also used as insecticide.
Melamine is common for plastic products, especially for kitchen usage. Where it gets tricky is that as a flame retardant, it can release health-compromising fumes that are dangerous to breathe in—like hydrogen cyanide. Skin exposure can also mean potential serious neurological and kidney damage.
Products That Fit the Bill
The surest ways to get a safe mattress are to stick with reputable domestic brands and consider an organic mattress. We have an entire guide dedicated to the best organic mattresses, including some of our favorites below.
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This mattress really takes the cake when it comes to showing how natural it is. There are numerous organic certifications. While latex by itself isn't fully fireproof, it is pretty impervious to heat—making it just another layer of supportive security.
With many chemical flame retardants being especially harmful for kids, sticking to organic mattresses can bring parents some peace of mind. WIRED reviewer Scott Gilbertson got this particular bed for his kids, who really enjoyed it for both sleeping and jumping on.
Only You Can Prevent (Mattress) Fires
Take precautions when using any flame near your bed—you don't want to have a live demo of its flame barrier if you don't have to. If you light candles in the evening, especially near your bedside, blow them out before you leave the room or fall sleep. Don't smoke or vape in bed, as a spark from ash or even a vape malfunctioning could ignite a mattress fire. Keep an eye on how close your bed is to electrical outlets and where you have things plugged in, like your phone charger. Lastly, make sure fire safety is common knowledge amongst family members and roommates, just to be on the safe side. You could follow every precaution perfectly, but those around you may not know. So let's keep each other safe, Smokey the Bear style. But make it mattresses.
