• Model: Manages the data and business logic.
• View: Displays the data and sends user actions to the Controller.
• Controller: Acts as an intermediary between Model and View. It processes user input, interacts with the Model, and updates the View.

• Separation of concerns: Divides the application into three interconnected components, making it easier to manage.

• Tight coupling: The Controller can become overly complex and tightly coupled with the View, making it hard to maintain and test.
• Difficult to scale: As the application grows, the Controller might become a bottleneck.

• Model: Manages the data and business logic.
• View: Displays data and delegates user interactions to the Presenter.
• Presenter: Handles all the presentation logic, interacts with the Model, and updates the View.

• Better separation of concerns: The Presenter is responsible for presentation logic, making the View simpler.
• Testable: Since the Presenter doesn’t depend on Android framework classes, it’s easier to unit test.

• Overhead: Requires more boilerplate code.
• Maintenance: For very large projects, managing the Presenter can become cumbersome.

• Model: Manages the data and business logic.
• View: Displays data and delegates user interactions to the ViewModel.
• ViewModel: Exposes data streams relevant to the View and handles complex logic. It uses data binding to sync with the View.

• Two-way data binding: Simplifies the synchronization between the View and the ViewModel.
• Testability: The ViewModel doesn’t depend on Android framework classes, making it easy to unit test.
• Separation of concerns: Clearly separates the development of the UI from the business logic.

• Complexity: Data binding can add complexity and be challenging to debug.
• Overhead: More boilerplate code and architectural setup.

To use MVVM architecture with Android's ViewModel, you need the following dependency:

implementation("androidx.activity:activity-ktx:1.9.0")