KAFKA-17019: Producer TimeoutException should include root cause

[chickenchickenlove]

Changes

• Add new Exception class PotentialCauseException.
• All org.apache.kafka.common.errors.TimeoutException in
  KafkaProducer has PotentialCauseException as root cause if it
  cannot catch any exception.

Describe

TimeoutException can be thrown for various reasons.
However, it is often difficult to identify the root cause,
Because there are so many potential factors that can lead to a
TimeoutException.

For example:

1. The ProducerClient might be busy, so it may not be able to send the
   request in time. As a result, some batches may expire, leading to a
   TimeoutException.
2. The broker might be unavailable due to network issues or internal
   failures.
3. A request may be in flight, and although the broker successfully
   handles and responds to it, the response might arrive slightly late.

As shown above, there are many possible causes. In some cases, no
exception is caught in the catch block, and a TimeoutException is
thrown simply by comparing the elapsed time. However, the developer
using TimeoutException in KafkaProducer likely already knows which
specific reasons could cause it in that context. Therefore, I think it
would be helpful to include a PotentialCauseException that reflects
the likely reason, based on the developer’s knowledge.

[frankvicky]

@chickenchickenlove: Thanks for the patch.

[frankvicky]

Could we change PotentialCauseException to Supplier<PotentialCauseException>?
Creating an exception instance is very expensive; lazy creation could help us avoid this situation.

[chickenchickenlove]

Thanks for your comments and sounds great!
I have addressed PR review.
When you have time, please take another look. 🙇‍♂️