1. The act of making system calls to accomplish tasks provided by the operating system is called system programming.
2. By calling an operating system's interrupt handlers.
3. Special instructions were added to the CPU to support system calls without the need to call an interrupt handler, which saves more of the CPU state prior to execution.
4. No. Most implementations of malloc()/free() ask for a large amount of memory from the operating system and then divide up that memory during the program's execution. A system call is only needed when this memory runs out and malloc()/free() must ask for more.
5. Speculative execution.
6. Type safety is the extent to which a programming language helps to prevent errors due to the differences between types. Strongly typed languages prevent these types of error more than weakly typed languages.
7. C++ templates provide a user with the...