Code of practice for power system
protection
The entire wiring of circuitry for indications, alarms, metering and
protection should be permanent wiring.
The leads should be marked and identified by ferrules near
terminals.
Every lead should end at a terminal point and no junction by
twisting is allowed.
The wiring should be by copper leads for C.T secondary for all cores
i.e. metering cores as well as protection cores and for PT secondary
for protection core.
The wiring should be by copper leads 1.07 The copper lead for 1.05 &
1.06 above should be stranded but not single lead type.
Aluminum leads can be used for indication, alarms and PT
secondary for metering but stranded wires only are to be used. But
copper leads are always preferable for these said purposes.
The terminations should be lugged by ring shape O lugs. U shape
lugs should be avoided since U shape lugs may slip if terminal is
loosen.
For CT Secondary terminations, two nuts with one spring washer
and two flat washers to be compulsorily used.
The CT terminal strips should be stud type with nuts and not screwin-type.
Wherever two sets of batteries are available, the primary protection
and back-up protection should be from different batteries.
Where there is only one battery at an Electrical Power Substation,
the primary and back-up protections should be given D.C supply
through two individual circuits with independent fuses run from D.C
bus.
When CBs have two trip coils, both main protection and backup
protection will energize both the trip coils.
D.C and A.C supplies should not be taken through different cores of
the same cable. Totally different cables should be used for DC and
AC supplies.
Independent D.C cables should be run to each equipment in the yard
and looping of D.C supply from one equipment to other is not
permitted.
The D.C emergency lighting in substation should be through
independent cables and not mixed up with protection and other
circuitry.
Standard color codes for wires in control circuit of different sizes
should be as follows,
SIZE
COLOR
Indication, Alarm, trip, close etc
1.5 mm2
Gray
Red Phase Metering PT Circuit
1.5 mm2
Red
Yellow Phase Metering PT Circuit
1.5 mm2
Yellow
Blue Phase Metering PT Circuit
1.5 mm2
Blue
Red Phase Protection PT Circuit
2.5 mm2
Red
Yellow Phase Protection PT Circuit
2.5 mm2
Yellow
Blue Phase Protection PT Circuit
2.5 mm2
Blue
Red Phase Metering and Protection CT Circuit
2.5 mm2
Red
PURPOSE
Yellow Phase Metering and Protection CT Circuit
2.5 mm2
Yellow
Blue Phase Metering and Protection CT Circuit
2.5 mm2
Blue
Phase for auxiliary AC supply
2.5 mm2
Red
Neutral for auxiliary AC supply
2.5 mm2
Black
Common star point of CTs
2.5 mm2
Black
Common star point of Protection PTs
2.5 mm2
Black
Common star point of Metering PTs
1.5 mm2
Black
Earthing Connection
2.5 mm2
Green
The lead numbers are also standardized as follows so that anyone can easily
identify the purpose for which the lead is connected
Alphabet
Series
Purpose
Example
J Series
D.C Incoming
J1, J2, etc.
K Series
Control Closing, Tripping, etc.
K1, K2, K3 etc.
L Series
Alarms, indications and
annunciations
L1, L2, L3, etc.
M Series
Motor Circuit
M1, M2, etc.
E Series
Potential transformer secondaries
E1, E2, E3, etc.
H Series
LT A.C Supply
H1, H2, H3,
etc..
A Series
C.T secondary for special protection
A1, A2, A3, etc.
B Series
Bus bar protection
B1, B2, B3, etc..
C Series
Protection Circuits
C1, C2, C3, etc.
D Series
Metering Circuit
D1, D2, D3, etc.
The CT ratios available and adopted with number of cores shall be
displayed on each panel as follows: (with underlined position as
adopted).
400 200 100 / 1-1-1
Wherever CT cores are not used SHORTING LOOPS should be
provided in CT secondary terminals and not in marshaling boxes or
at panels.
The Cable entries in the equipment, marshaling boxes and panels
should be through appropriate size of cable glands. No other means
are allowed.
PT secondaries should have group MCBs with D.C alarm.
Few cells from a battery set should not be used for separate low
voltage D.C circuits. Here D.C D.C converters may be employed
for utilizing full D.C voltage of the entire battery as input.
Standard lead numbers used in control circuit of protection of
power system
Certain lead numbers are standardized as follows and should be compulsorily
adopted with ferrules at terminations of leads.
Main DC Positive supply J1
Main DC Negative supply J2
DC Positive bus inside panel K1
DC Negative bus inside panel K2
Remote Close - K15R
Remote Trip - K5R
Local Close - K15L
Local Trip - K5L
Metering CT secondaries D11, D31, D51, D71 etc.
Protection CT secondaries C11, C31, C51, C71 etc.
Special Protection CT secondaries A11, A31, A51, A71 etc.
PT scondaries E11, E31, E51, E71 etc.
Different relay device number used in protection of power system
Mark
Number
Name of the Device
Time delay relay
Checking or Interlocking relay
21
Distance relay
25
Check synchronizing relay
27
Under voltage relay
30
Annunciator relay
32
Directional power (Reverse power) relay
37
Low forward power relay
40
Field failure (loss of excitation) relay
46
Negative phase sequence relay
49
Machine or Transformer Thermal relay
50
Instantaneous Over current relay
51
AC IDMT Over current relay
52
Circuit breaker
52a
Circuit breaker Auxiliary switch Normally open (a
contact)
52b
Circuit breaker Auxiliary switch Normally closed (b
contact)
55
Power Factor relay
56
Field Application relay
59
Overvoltage relay
60
Voltage or current balance relay
64
Earth fault relay
67
Directional relay
68
Locking relay
74
Alarm relay
76
D.C Over current relay
78
Phase angle measuring or out of step relay
79
AC Auto reclose relay
80
Monitoring loss of DC supply
81
Frequency relay
81U
Under frequency relay
81O
Over frequency relay
83
Automatic selective control or transfer relay
85
Carrier or pilot wire receive relay
86
Tripping Relay
87
Differential relay
87G
Generator differential relay
87GT
Overall differential relay
87U
UAT differential relay
87NT
Restricted earth fault relay
95
Trip circuit supervision relay
99
Over flux relay
186A
Auto reclose lockout relay
186B
Auto reclose lockout relay
