Kinds of Isolated Singularities
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Ammar AjmalKinds of Isolated Singularities
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Ammar AjmalComplex Variables 6.
2 Isolated Singularities
Kinds of Isolated Singularities
DEFINITION (Principal Part and Analytic Part) The portion of the Laurent series
containing only the negative powers of (z z0) is called the principal part; the
remainder of the series - the summation of the terms with zero and positive powers is known as the analytic part.
The analytic part is a power series and converges to an analytic function.
Three different kinds of principal parts.
I. A finite number of nonzero negative power terms |n| N, N >0. It takes the form:
DEFINITION (Pole of Order N) A function whose Laurent expansion about a singular
point z0 has a principal part, in which the most negative power of (z z0) is N, is said to
have a pole of order N at z0.
The function f(z) = [ z(z - 1)2]-1 posses singularities at z = 0 and z = 1. Corresponding
Laurent series expansions:
and
SO: z = 0 - order is 1
z = 1 - order is 2
1
Order 1 a Simple Pole
Complex Variables
II. An infinite number of nonzero terms in the principal part.
DEFINITION (Isolated Essential Singularity) A function, whose Laurent expansion
about the isolated singular point z0 contains an infinite number of nonzero terms in
the principal part, is said to have an isolated essential singularity at z0.
Consider:
z = 0 is an essential singularity.
For:
z = 1 is an essential singularity.
III. No nonzero terms in the principal part. Functions undefined at z0 or defined so as
to create a discontinuity. By properly defining f(z) at z0, the singularity is removed.
DEFINITION (Removable Singular Point) When a singularity of a function f(z) at z0
can be removed by suitably defining f(z) at z0, we say that f(z) has a removable
singular point at z0.
Consider:
and redefine:
at z0=0
, so the function is analytic everywere.
Complex Variables
Establishing the Nature of the Singularity
Suppose: z0 is a pole of order N (c-N 0):
Multiply by (z - z0)N :
and
If a function f(z) has a pole at z0 than |f(z)| is unbounded as z z0.
RULE I Let z0 be an isolated singular point of f(z). If
limit is neither zero nor infinity, then f(z) has a pole of order N at z0
exists and if this
RULE II If N is the order of the pole of f(z) at z0, then
3
Complex Variables
EXAMPLE 1 Discuss the singularities of
Solution. Factorization gives:
Pole of the order 1: z = 1 (so z = -1; -2)
Pole of the order 2: z = - i (so z = i)
EXAMPLE 2 Discuss the singularities of
Solution. If sinz = 0, that is, for z = k, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , (isolated singularities). Are
they are simple poles? (LHopital rule!):
Yes!
Complex Variables
Relations between zeros and poles
Let f(z) =g(z)/h(z) . Functions g(z) and h(z) are analytic at z0, g(z0) 0, h(z0)=0.
f(z) has and isolated singularity at z0
So if h(z) has a zero of order N at z0:
And:
Or
So:
RULE I (Quotients) If f(z) =g(z)/h(z) , where g(z) and h(z) are analytic at z0, g(z0) 0,
h(z0)=0. Then the order of the pole of f(z) is the order of the zero of h(z) at this point.
If in addition g(z0) = 0 it can be a removable singularity.
RULE II (Quotients) The order of the pole of f(z) =g(z)/h(z) at z0, is the order of the zero
of h(z) at this point less the order of the zero of g(z) at this point.
5
Complex Variables
EXAMPLE 3 Find the order of the pole of
Solution. We have: g ( z) z 2 1 and h( z) e z 1
g (i ) 2 1 0; hi ei 1 0
Taylor series:
gives c0=0 and
Zero order 1 for h(z) .
Pole order 1 for f(z).
EXAMPLE 4 Find the order of the pole of
3
Solution. g(0) = 0 and f(0) = 0. But: g ( z ) z z 3! ... , so z=0 is a zero of order 1.
h( z ) z z 3 3! ...
so z=0 is a zero of order 5. So, the order of the pole is 4.
EXAMPLE 5 Find the poles and establish their order for the function
Use the principal branch of z1/2.
Complex Variables
Solution. The principal branch for Log : the cut plane defined by the branch cut:
y = 0, - x 0
Then Log z i 0 z 1 - not of this branch (not an isolated singular point).
At the same time z1 2 1 0 z 1 of this this branch (an isolated singular point).
Taylor series:
gives c0=0 and c1=1/2. Zero order 1. Pole order 1.
DEFINITION (Meromorphic Function) A function is said to be meromorphic in a
domain if it is analytic in that domain except for possibly having pole singularities.
